Finishing treatment techniques

Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the team runs out of eoneepts and ideas. If you started with more than one original idea (as in this example), don t forget to apply Coneept Tree to your other ideas. When you re finished, you should have a long list of ideas you can organize using a technique like KJ Method (Technique 27) or Idea Harvesting and Treatment (Technique 28). 

Cavitation and the resulting surface-hardening effects of ultrasound due to the reduction in the thickness of the diffusion layer, has been utilized to improve performance in the finishing of machined components and other surface treatment techniques such as electro-polishing and pickling. 

The need to treat the streams from the finishing section depends on residual VOC level in the product coming from the production or extmsion section. Table 12.4 shows an overview of different post treatment techniques for VOC ... 

Another fire-related problem that has seen some research effort is that of smolder resistance of upholstery and bedding fabrics. Finishing techniques have been developed to make cotton smolder-resistant (152—156), but the use of synthetic barrier fabrics appears to provide a degree of protection. Work also has provided a means of producing cotton fabrics that have both smooth-dry and flame-retardant performance (150,151). In this case, the appHcation of FR treatment should be performed first, and DP treatment should be modified to accommodate the presence of the FR polymer on the fabric. 

Trihalomethanes. Wherever chlorine is used as a disinfectant in drinking-water treatment, trihalomethanes (THMs) generaUy are present in the finished water. The THMs usuaUy formed are trichloromethane (chloroform), bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and tribromomethane (bromoform). There are four main techniques for the analysis of THMs headspace, Hquid— Hquid extraction (Ue), adsorption—elution (purge—trap), and direct aqueous injection. The final step in each technique involves separation by gas—Hquid chromatography with a 2 mm ID coUed glass column containing 10 wt % squalene on chromosorb-W-AW (149—177 p.m (80—100 mesh)) with detection generaUy by electron capture. 

The phases and their proportions present ia hardened amalgam are controlled by many factors. The composition of the alloy the size, shape, and size distribution of the particles the thermal history of the cast ingot and the comminuted alloy and the surface treatment of the particles are some of the factors for which the manufacturer is responsible. The tooth cavity preparation and the mixing, compacting, and finishing techniques of the dentist can make the difference between satisfactory and unsatisfactory restorations, even with the best of alloys. A minimal amount of residual mercury and porosity are needed to obtain the most serviceable restorations (138). 

Another aspect of process improvement is color improvement. Eor example, use of phosphoric acid and formaldehyde on the dimer product is said to improve color (68). Other treatments, both on the raw materials and on the finished product, have also been used. Most of these are variations of standard fatty material color reduction techniques. 

The main difference between the two types are that the reaction products of the silico fluoride types are less soluble in water and are also harder, which may give better in-service performance but at a slightly higher material cost. However, with recent developments in floor-laying techniques, the concrete substrates for industrial floors are laid with much more dense low-porosity surfaces, so that neither silicate nor silico fluoride treatments are as effective as they used to be, when the concrete used had a slightly more open finish and hence was more receptive to these treatments. With modern concrete floors, it is imperative to wash any material not absorbed into the surface within a short period. Otherwise, unpleasant white alkaline deposits, which are difficult to remove, may occur. 

New machining techniques are constantly being introduced. Conventional workpiece materials have improved progressively through close control of manufacturer and heat treatment, and new materials have been fostered by the aeronautic and space industries. The results have been ever improving output, dimensional control and surface finish. The continuous development of cutting fluids has enabled these increasingly severe conditions to be accommodated. 

The synthesis of the crystal modification is controlled primarily by the finishing technique of the crude pigment. There are basically two different methods to produce a finely dispersed pigment treatment with acid to form copper phthalocyanine salts, followed by precipitation in water on the one hand, and mechanical treatment (milling, kneading) on the other hand. The following methods are used ... 

Wool Wool, though not as flammable as cotton, still needs flame retardation for specific applications, e.g., carpets, upholstered furniture in transport, etc. Ammonium phosphates and polyphosphate, boric acid-borax, and ammonium bromide can be successfully used in nondurable FR finishes for wool. Various commercial products have been reviewed by Horrocks.3 The most successful durable treatment for wool is Zirpro, developed by Benisek, which involves exhaustion of negatively charged complexes of zirconium or titanium onto positively charged wool fibers under acidic conditions at 60°C. The treatment can be applied to wool at any processing stage from loose fiber to fabric using exhaustion techniques. 

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