Type 1 fimbriae

Acellular pertussis vaccines contain selective components of the B. pertussis organism. All acellular vaccines contain pertussis toxin (PT), and some contain one or more additional bacterial components (e.g., filamentous hemagglutinin [FHA], pertactin [a 69-kDa outer membrane protein], and fimbriae types 2 and 3). Acellular pertussis vaccine is recommended for all doses of the pertussis schedule at 2, 4, 6, and 15 to 18 months of age. A fifth dose of permssis vaccine is given to children 4 to 6 years of age. Pertussis vaccine is administered in combination with diphtheria and tetanus (DTaP). Although the permssis vaccine is not recommended for individuals 7 years of age and older, booster doses for adolescents and adults may be incorporated into future recommendations because members of these groups are important reservoirs of infection. 

For Lot B the acellular pertussis vaccine components are produced from B. pertussis cultures grown in Stainer-Scholte medium modified by the addition of casamino acids and dimethyl-betacyclodextrin. Fimbriae types 2 and 3 are extracted from the bacterial cells and the pertussis toxin, FHA, and PRN are prepared from the supernatant. These proteins are purified by sequential filtration, salt precipitation, ultrafiltration, and chromatography. Pertussis toxin is inactivated with glutaraldehyde and FHA is treated with formaldehyde. The individual antigens are adsorbed separately onto aluminum phosphate. Diphtheria and tetanus, toxoids are individually adsorbed onto aluminum phosphate. The adsorbed diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis components are combined in a sterile isotonic sodium chloride solution containing 2-phenoxyethanol as preservative. Each dose contains 10 pg of PT, 5 pg of FHA, 3 pg of PRN, 5pg of FIM, as well as 15Lf of diphtheria toxoid and 5.0 Lf of tetanus toxoid. 

Three types of thread-like appendages may be found growing from bacterial cells flagella, pili (fimbriae) and F-pili (sex strands). 

T. K. Lindhorst, S. Kotter, U. Krallmann-Wenzel, and S. Ehlers, Trivalent a-D-mannoside clusters as inhibitors of type-1 fimbriae-mediated adhesion of Escherichia coli Structural variation and biotinylation, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans., 1 (2001) 823-831. 

The type 1 fimbriae in S. enterica serovars are encoded by fhe fimAICDHF operon (Collinson et ah, 1996b) and are morphologically similar fo, buf anfigenicly different from the t)q)e 1 fimbriae of E. coli (Korhonen et ah, 1980). These fimbriae are composed primarily of FimA... 

Klemm, P., and Krogfelt, K. A. (1994). Type 1 fimbriae of Escherichia coli. In "Fimbriae Adhesion, Genetics, Biogenesis, and Vaccines." (P. Klemm, ed.), pp. 9-26. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 

Klemm, P., Christiansen, G., Kreft, B., Marre, R., and Bergmans, H. (1994). Reciprocal exdiange of minor components of type 1 and FlC fimbriae results in hybrid organelles with diarged receptor specificities. /. Bacteriol. 176, 2227-2234. 

Krogfelt, K. A., Bergmans, H., and Klemm, P. (1995). Direct evidence that the FimH protein is the mannose-specific adhesin of Escherichia coli type 1 fimbriae. Infect. Immun. 58, 1995-1998. 

Thankavel, K., Madison, B., Ikeda, T., Malaviya, R., Shah, A. H., Arumugen, P. M., and Abraham, S. N. (1997). Localization of a domain in the FimH adhesin of Escherichia coli type 1 fimbriae capable of receptor recognition and use of a domain-specific antibody to confer protection against experimental urinary tract infection. /. Clin. Invest. 100, 1123-1126. 

Xia, Y., Gaily, D., Forsman-Semb, K., and Uhlin, B. E. (2000). Regulatory cross-talk between adhesin operons in Escherichia coli Inhibition of type 1 fimbriae expression by the PapB protein. EMBO. 19,1450-1457. 

It is thought that cell surface components such as cellulose, flagella, pilli, and Type III secretion systems all play a role in cell attachment (Barak et al., 2005 Zogaj et al., 2001). Several genes and mechanisms have been identified as being involved in attachment of human pathogens to plants. These mechanisms include curli, fimbriae, adhesins, and capsule production (Barak et al., 2005, 2007). 

Hobbs, M. Collie, E.S. Free, P.D. Livingston, S.P. Mattick, J.S. PilS and PilR, a two-component transcriptional regulatory system controlling expression of type 4 fimbriae in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol. Microbiol., 7, 669-682 (1993)... 

Microbial pathogens utilize different types of lectins for targeting the glycans on the surface of host cells. Many bacteria are covered with pili or fimbriae that contain a very special class of lectins known as adhesins because they play a role in attachment to epithelial cells. These lectins are monomeric and comprise only one binding site. Because the adhesins are repeated on the pilus, a larger number of adhesins on the bacterial surface create multivalent interaction with the host glycans. 

Hedegaard K, Klemm P. Type 1 fimbriae of Escherichia coil as carriers of heterologous antigenic sequences, Gene, 85 115-124, 1989. 

Pallesen L, Poulsen LK, Christiansen G, Klemm P, Chimeric. FimH. Adhesion, of type 1 fimbriae A bacterial surface display system for heterologous sequences, Microbiology, 141 2839-2848, 1995. 

Beatty WW, Bierley RA (1985) Scopolamine degrades working memory but spares spatial reference memory dissimilarity of cholinergic effect and restriction of distal visual cues. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 23 1-6 Cassel JC, Kelche C (1989) Scopolamine treatment and fimbria-fomix lesions mimetic effects on radial maze performance. Physiol Behav 46 347-353 Levin ED, Bettegowda C, Weaver T, Christopher NC (1998) Nicotine-dizocilpine interactions and working and reference memory performance in rats in the radial-arm maze. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 61 335-340 Magni S, Krekule I, Bures J (1979) Radial maze type as a determinant of the choice behavior of rats. J Neurosci Meth 1 343-352... 

M. Forero, O. Yakovenko, E.V. Sokurenko, W.E. Thomas, V. Vogel, Uncoiling mechanics of escherichia coli type I fimbriae are optimized for catch bonds. PLoS Biol. 4, 1509-1516 (2006)... 

E. coli is responsible for 85% of urinary tract infections (20). Virtually all E. coli express type 1 fimbrae, and most uropathogenic E. coli express P fimbriae, which are responsible for mediating the adherence of the bacteria to uroepithelial cells (18). Fructose is responsible for inhibiting the adherence of type-1-fimbriated E. coli, whereas a polymeric compound inhibits P-fim-briated E. coli (18). Recently, a study (21) identified this polymeric compound as condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins) based on the ability of proanthocyanidins purified from cranberries to inhibit the ability of P-fimbri-ated E. coli to attach to isolated uroepithelial cells at concentrations of 10-50 ug/mL. Blueberries, another member of the Vaccinium genus, may be a more palatable source of proanthicyanidins. 

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