Multivalent interactions with

D. A. Mann, M. Kanai, D. J. Maly, and L. L. Kiessling, Probing low affinity and multivalent interactions with surface plasmon resonance Ligands for Conca-navalin A, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120 (1998) 10575-10582. 

R. Roy, M. Corazon Trono, and D. Giguere, Effects of linker rigidity and orientation of mannoside clusters for multivalent interactions with proteins, in R. Roy, (Ed), Glycomimetics Modern Synthetic Methodologies, ACS Symp. Ser., 896 (2005) 137-150. 

S. A. Kalovidouris, O. Blixt, A. Nelson, S. Vidal, W. B. Turnbull, J. C. Paulson, and J. F. Stoddart, Chemically defined sialoside scaffolds for investigation of multivalent interactions with sialic acid binding proteins, /. Org. Chem., 68 (2003) 8485-8493. 

Fig. 10. Typical adsorbent surfaces can be considered to have very high binding site ( ligand ) densities, resulting in multivalent interactions with adsorbed protein. If the multivalent interactions are of sufficient number and energy, the adsorptive interactions is irreversible ...

Microbial pathogens utilize different types of lectins for targeting the glycans on the surface of host cells. Many bacteria are covered with pili or fimbriae that contain a very special class of lectins known as adhesins because they play a role in attachment to epithelial cells. These lectins are monomeric and comprise only one binding site. Because the adhesins are repeated on the pilus, a larger number of adhesins on the bacterial surface create multivalent interaction with the host glycans. 

Once immune cells become bound to the surface of the antibody-coated stent via multivalent interactions with exposed Fc domains, there is the potential for a variety of immunomodulatory effects (cytokine release, inhibition of normal Fc receptor mediated events, etc.) that could lead to the generation of adverse events, in vivo. 

Effects of Linker Rigidity and Orientation of Mannoside Clusters for Multivalent Interactions with Proteins... 

Fig. 4 Mobile cyclic compounds enhance molecular recognition. Cyclic compounds can rotate and/or slide along a polymeric chain in the structure of polyrotaxanes, and the mobility of ligands linked by the cyclic compounds play a key role in enhancing multivalent interaction with biomacromolecules. This concept can be used in sugar recognition and plasmid DNA polyplex formation [7]...

Presumably, the polyrotaxane can bind the intestinal membranes via multivalent interaction with hPEPTl and effectively contribute to decreasing the local pH on the membrane, resulting in a significant inhibition of the uptake in mice. These results clearly indicate the efficacy of the ligand-conjugated polyrotaxanes as an inhibitor in intestinal uptake in vivo. 

Improvement of the targeting efficacy based on multivalent interactions with target cells... 

Here, n is the valency number, F is statistical factor defined by the system, and s = 30/(interreceptor distance (A)). An application is illustrated by a monovalent P trisaccharide ligand, which binds to pentavalent Shiga toxin (AB5) with a Ka of 10 M . If this monovalent ligand is converted to a polyvalent ligand through conjugation to polyacrylamide, a binding constant can be estimated for the multivalent interaction with the toxin pentamer as follows in (8). 

---