Methodology field studies

The main obstacles to increasing our knowledge in this field are methodological (103). Microbial cell enumeration techniques and identification procedures are often difficult or tedious, and the collection of relevant samples or the simulation of natural conditions in the laboratory can be problematical. However, the development of molecular approaches for the study of microbial populations can contribute to solving these problems. Considering the vast array of techniques used and presented in the literature, only a selection of these methods is discussed in this review. 

Future development efforts in field study design and data management should 1) develop methodologies for choosing sampler location, sampling schedule, and sampling devices 2) measure the collection efficiency of available samplers as a function of particle size, windspeed and wind direction 3) create a series of "typical" design scenarios which can be specified for different aerosol study objectives 4) develop standardized data bases from which ambient and source information can be recovered. 

Lewtas, J., S. Goto, K. Williams, J. C. Chuang, B. A. Peterson, and N. K. Wilson, The Mutagenicity of Indoor Air Particles in a Residential Pilot Field Study Application and Evaluation of New Methodologies, Atmos. Environ., 21, 443-449 (1987). 

Residential Pilot Field Study Application and Evaluation of New Methodologies, Atmos. Environ., 21, 443-449 (1987). 

On the methodological side, it is gratifying to note, once these computer time consuming CP-MD calculations have been performed, that rapid classical dynamics AMBER calculations on the 18C6-H20 hydrate essentially yield similar qualitative conclusions instability of the Q hydrate, and "waltzing dynamics" of H20 over the D3d crown, which also validates early and subsequent force field studies, also pointing out the limitations of static views, even obtained by sophisticated quantum calculations. 

Hair Analysis FOR Organic Analytes Methodology, Reliability Issues, and Field Studies... 

Abstract. The transfer project aims at the integrative modeling, analysis, and improvement of a variety of work processes in the life cycle of a chemical product across disciplinary and institutional boundaries. A methodology is elaborated for the creation of conceptual, coarse grained models of work processes originating from empirical field studies in industry and their subsequent enrichment and formalization for computer-based interpretation and processing. 

The modeling procedure described in Subsect. 2.4.2 addresses the work processes during the conceptual design of chemical processes. It covers the knowledge acquisition from stakeholders by means of field studies, the creation of conceptual semi-formal work process models, and their subsequent enrichment and formalization. The methodology has been successfully applied in several case studies conducted in industry (cf. Sect. 5.1). This modeling procedure is supposed to be extended... 

The methodology of studying the effects of trace components in simulation chambers was developed for the assessment of the impact of phytotoxins on land vegetation. On the basis of the experimental studies in chambers and of the field studies, ecological standards have been formulated for the effect of atmospheric air pollution on land vegetation. 

Other studies are not so enthusiastic in questioning bracken as a human hazard, pointing out that it is not wise to extrapolate from animal models, where bracken toxicity is a well established fact, to people. It is also argued that "methodological problems" stand in the way and urge to proceed with further epidemiological research [108]. This is precisely what recent bracken field studies have been pursuing [107]. 

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