Fiber primary

Figure 17, TEM of randomly arranged microfibrils in the fiber primary wall (PW) of balsam fir direct carbon replica.

Soromin . [BASF AG] Sizing agents, assistants fix synthetic fibers, primary spinning. 

Chem. Descrip. Sodium cetyl sulfate CAS 1120 1-0 EINECS/ELINCS 214-292-4 Uses Emulsifier, detergent for textiles, paints, shampoos, hand creams, lotions, detergent bars flotation agent collector in ore flotation softener, lubricant for textiles, esp. cotton or rayon fibers primary surfactant and post stabilizer for acrylic and vinyl-acr ic latex emulsions Regulatoty FDA clearance... 

Then, the rating values were correlated with statistical values, so-called fabric hands, (secondary performance) such as stiffness, fullness or flexibility of clothes. Finally, the values of fabric hands were compared with other empirical values, e.g., mechanical properties and surface characters of fibers (primary performance). He succeeded in obtaining excellent suits fabricated with polyester fibers, instead of wool fibers, by using the "Experimentel1e Aesthetic"- ike methods (but with more delicate processes). 

All these fiber primary attributes are determinants in the whole textile stmcture s final behavior. With the goal of improving the biocompatibihty of implantable fibrous devices, these primary attributes have to be correlated with biological responses that are affected or induced by the fibrous components implantation. 

Triple helical collagen molecule Collagen fibril Collagen fiber Primary fiber bundle (subfascicle) Secondary fiber bundle (fascicle) Tertiary fiber bundle (fasdde)... 

The sensory afferents of the muscle spindle comprise group la fibers (primary endings), which send branches to every intrafusal fiber in the muscle spindle, and group n fibers (secondary endings), which innervate the nuclear chain endings only. The larger primary endings (la) surround the center of the muscle spindle much like a coil, whereas the smaller secondary end-... 

Paper production is mainly based on fibrous raw material which may consist of primary or secondary fibers. Primary fibers are obtained directly from plant raw materials, mainly from wood and annual non-wood plants. Industrially, mostly thinnings and sawmill wastes are used. Secondary fibers are produced from recovered paper. Rags are used only in very small amounts. Synthetic and mineral fibers do not play an important role. 

The cleaning process proceeds by one of three primary mechanisms solubilization, emulsification, and roll-up [229]. In solubilization the oily phase partitions into surfactant micelles that desorb from the solid surface and diffuse into the bulk. As mentioned above, there is a body of theoretical work on solubilization [146, 147] and numerous experimental studies by a variety of spectroscopic techniques [143-145,230]. Emulsification involves the formation and removal of an emulsion at the oil-water interface the removal step may involve hydrodynamic as well as surface chemical forces. Emulsion formation is covered in Chapter XIV. In roll-up the surfactant reduces the contact angle of the liquid soil or the surface free energy of a solid particle aiding its detachment and subsequent removal by hydrodynamic forces. Adam and Stevenson s beautiful photographs illustrate roll-up of lanoline on wood fibers [231]. In order to achieve roll-up, one requires the surface free energies for soil detachment illustrated in Fig. XIII-14 to obey... 

The protonated form of poly(vinyl amine) (PVAm—HCl) has two advantages over many cationic polymers high cationic charge densities are possible and the pendent primary amines have high reactivity. It has been appHed in water treatment, paper making, and textiles (qv). The protonated forms modified with low molecular weight aldehydes are usehil as fines and filler retention agents and are in use with recycled fibers. As with all new products, unexpected appHcations, such as in clear antiperspirants, have been found. It is usehil in many metal complexation appHcations (49). 

Although visual and microscopical examination, together with simple manual tests, are stiU the primary methods of identification, there are many new sophisticated instmmental methods available based on chemical and physical properties. These methods are able to distinguish between closely related fibers which differ only in chemical composition or morphology. 

The predominant cellulose ester fiber is cellulose acetate, a partially acetylated cellulose, also called acetate or secondary acetate. It is widely used in textiles because of its attractive economics, bright color, styling versatiUty, and other favorable aesthetic properties. However, its largest commercial appHcation is as the fibrous material in cigarette filters, where its smoke removal properties and contribution to taste make it the standard for the cigarette industry. Cellulose triacetate fiber, also known as primary cellulose acetate, is an almost completely acetylated cellulose. Although it has fiber properties that are different, and in many ways better than cellulose acetate, it is of lower commercial significance primarily because of environmental considerations in fiber preparation. 

Polypropylene fibers are used in every aspect of carpet constmetion from face fiber to primary and secondary backings. Polypropylene s advantages over jute as carpet backing are dimensional stabiUty and minimal moisture absorption. Drawbacks include difficulty in dyeing and higher cost. Bulked-continuous-filament (BCF) carpet yams provide face fiber with improved crimp and elasticity. BCF carpet yams are especially important in contract carpets, characterized by low dense loops, where easy cleaning is an advantage. 

Antimony Oxide as a Primary Flame Retardant. Antimony oxide behaves as a condensed-phase flame retardant in cellulosic materials (2). It can be appHed by impregnating a fabric with a soluble antimony salt followed by a second treatment that precipitates antimony oxide in the fibers. When the treated fabric is exposed to a flame, the oxide reacts with the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose (qv) causing them to decompose endothermically. The decomposition products, water and char, cool the flame reactions while slowing the production and volatilization of flammable decomposition products (see Flaa retardants for textiles). 

Fig. 21. Schematic illustration of the four primary vapor-phase deposition processes used in optical-fiber fabrication outside vapor deposition (OVD), modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD), plasma vapor deposition (PVD), and vapor axial deposition (VAD) (115).

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