Fiber-optic biosensor

Fiber optic biosensor is one of the first commercially available optical biosensors, marketed by Research International (Monroe, WA) for the detection of foodborne as well as pathogens of biosecurity importance. The manual version of the instrument is called Analyte 2000 and the portable semiautomated version is called RAPTOR .  

Antibodies are commonly used for the capture of target molecules on the waveguides and they are immobilized by either physical adsorption or through a self-assembly monolayer (SAM). In the former situation. 

Use of optical fiber biosensors for real-time detection of biowarfare agents (BWA) especially those of bacterial cells, toxins, or spores in the air, soil, or environment has been investigated by the Naval Research Laboratory (Taitt et al, 2005). In addition, many laboratories are also employing fiber optic biosensors for detection of wide varieties of foodbome pathogens, which are discussed below. 

Seo et al. (1999) used a planar optic biosensor that measures the phase shift variation in refractive index due to antigen binding to antibody. In this method, they were able to detect S. enterica serovar T) himurium with a detection limit of 1 x 10 cfu/ml. When chicken carcass fluid was inoculated with 20 cfu/ml, the sensor was able to detect this pathogen after 12 h of nonselective enrichment. A compact fiber optic sensor was also used for detection of S. T) himurium at a detection limit of 1 X 10 cfu/ml (Zhou et al., 1997, 1998) however, its efficacy with food samples is unproven. Later, Kramer and Lim (2004) used the fiber optic sensor, RAPTOR , to detect this pathogen from spent irrigation water for alfalfa sprouts. They showed that the system can be used to detect Salmonella spiked at 50 cfu/g seeds. An evanescent wave-based multianalyte array biosensor (MAAB) was also employed for successful testing of chicken excreta and various food samples (sausage, cantaloupe, egg, sprout, and chicken carcass) for S. T) himurium (Taitt et ah, 2004). While some samples exhibited interference with the assay, overall, the detection limit for this system was reported to be 8 x 10 cfu/g. 

This NRL sensor was used for fhe rapid detection of Campylobacter jejuni and small toxins, including several mycotoxins [ochratoxin A, fumonisin B, aflafoxin Bi, and deoxynivalenol (DON)] from food pro-ducfs (Ngundi et ah, 2005, 2006 Sapsford et ah, 2006). They used a sandwich immunoassay formaf fo detect C. jejuni in milk and yogurt and a competitive immunoassay format to detect the mycotoxins. 

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Fiber-optic biosensors based on luminescence and immobilized enzymes for the detection of NADH and ATP can be found in ref. (147-152). 

Schaffar B.P.H., Wolfbeis O.S., Chemically Mediated Fiber Optic Biosensors, chapter 8 in Biosensors Principles and Applications, L.J. Blum, P.R. Coulet (eds.), M. Dekker, New York, chapter 8, pp. 163-194 (1991). 

Marazuela M.D., Moreno-Bondi M.C., Fiber-optic biosensors - an overview, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2002 372 664. 

Freeman M.K., Bachas L., Fiber-optic biosensor with fluorescence detection based on immobilized alkaline phosphatase, Biosensors Bioelectron. 1992 7 49. 

Scheper T., Bueckmann A.F., A fiber optic biosensor based on fluorometric detection using confined macromolecular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide derivatives, Biosens. Bioelectron. 1990 5 125. 

Blum L.J., Gautier S.M., Coulet P.R., Luminescence fiber-optic biosensor, Anal. Lett. 1988 21 717. 

Zhou X., Arnold M.A., Internal enzyme fiber-optic biosensors for hydrogen peroxide and glucose, Anal. Chim. Acta 1995 304 147-156. 

Blum L.J., Chemiluminescent flow injection analysis of glucose in drinks with a bienzyme fiber optic biosensor, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 1993 15 407-411. 

Hlavay J., Guilbault G.G., Determination of sulphite hy use of a fiber-optic biosensor based on a chemiluminescent reaction, Anal. Chim. Acta 1994 299 91-96. 

Zang W., Chang H., Rechnitz A., Dual enzyme fiber-optic biosensor for pyruvate, Anal. Chim. Acta. 1997 350 59-65. 

Walters B.S., Nielsen T.J., Arnold M.A., Fiber-optic biosensor for ethanol based on an internal enzyme concept, Talanta 1988 35 151-155. 

Kishen A., John M.S., Lim C.S., Asundi A., A fiber optic biosensor (FOBS) to monitor mutants streptococci in human saliva, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2003 18 1371-1378. 

Flora K., Brennan J., Comparison of formats for the development of fiber-optic biosensors utilizing sol-gel derived materials entrapping fluorescently-labelled protein, Analyst 1999 124 1455-1462. 

Figure 5. The unmanned plane used to collect and identify aerosolized bacteria in field trials at Dugway Proving Ground, UT. The plane carried a ten-pound payload including a cyclone air sampler and 4-probe fiber optic biosensor.

Fiber optic biosensors have also been incorporated into array formats for detecting hundreds to thousands of targets simultaneously51 52. Thousands of fibers are incorporated into bundles and the ends etched to form wells. 

Tempelman L.A., King K.D., Anderson G.P., Ligler F.S., Quantitating staphylococcal enterotoxin B in diverse media using a portable fiber optic biosensor, Anal. Biochem. 1996 223 50-57. 

Anderson G.P., Rowe-Taitt C.A., Water quality monitoring using an automated portable fiber optic biosensor RAPTOR, Proc. SPIE 4206 58-63, 2001. 

King K.D., Vanniere J.M., LeBlanc J.L., Bullock K.E., Anderson G.P., Automated fiber optic biosensor for multiplexed immunoassays, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000 34 2845-2850. 

R.A. Doong and H.C. Tsai, Immobilization and characterization of sol-gel-encapsulated acetylcholinesterase fiber-optic biosensor. Anal. Chim. Acta 434, 239-246 (2001). 

J. Wangsa and M. A. Arnold, Fiber-optic biosensor based on the fluorometric detection of reduced nicotinamide adeneine dinucleotide, Anal. Chem. 60, 1080-1082(1988). 

A-J. Wang and M. A. Arnold, Dual-enzyme fiber-optic biosensor for glutamate based on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide luminescence, Anal. Chem. 64, 1051-1055 (1992). 

D. Meadows and J. S. Schultz, Fiber-optic biosensors base on fluorescence energy transfer, Talanta 35, 145-150 (1988). 

J. D. Andrade, W. M. Reichert, D. E. Gregonis, and R. A. VanWagenen, Remote fiber-optic biosensors based on evanescent-excited fluoro-immunoassay Concept and progress, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices ED-32, 1175-1179 (1985). 

Anderson, G. P., Jacoby, M. A., Ligler, F. S., and King, K. D. (1997). Effectiveness of protein A for antibody immobilization for a fiber optic biosensor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 12,329-336. Baeumner, A. (2004). Nanosensors identify pathogens in food. Food Technol. 58, 51-55. Balbus, J. M., and Embrey, M. A. (2002). Risk factors for waterborne enteric infections. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 18, 46-50. 

DeMarco, D. R., Saaski, E. W., McCrae, D. A., and Lim, D. V. (1999). Rapid detection of Escherichia coli 0157 H7 in ground beef using a fiber-optic biosensor. /. Food Prot. 62, 711-716. 

Nanduri, V., Kim, G., Morgan, M., Ess, D., Flahm, B. K., Kothapalli, A., Valadez, A., Geng, T., and Bhunia, A. K. (2006). Antibody immobilization on waveguides using a flow-through system shows improved Listeria monocytogenes detection in an automated fiber optic biosensor RAPTOR. Sensors 6, 808-822. 

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