Fiber fibrillation

Faser-asbest, m. fibrous asbestos, -asche, /. fiber ash. -bildung, /. fiber formation, fibra-tion. -blende, /. fibrous sphalerite. Faserchen, n. little fiber, fibril, filament. Faserfarbung, /. coloration of the fiber, faserfdrmig, a. fibrous, filiform. 

ZMserchen, n. fine fiber, fibril, filament, zaser, a. fibrous, filamentous. 

Fig. 20. Stress(er)-strain (ai) dependence for high density polyethylene samples. 1 reference sample, 2 sample obtained if molecular orientation exists, 3 super high tenacity fiber-fibril. Asterisks denote the points of fiber failure...

Collagens (see p. 344), of which there are at least 19 different varieties, form fibers, fibrils, networks, and ligaments. Their characteristic properties are tensile strength and flexibility. Elastin is a fiber protein with a high degree of elasticity. 

Refining and Fractionation. These processes are used to alter and select cellulose properties so the final sheet has the desired properties (51). Properties of recycled fibers differ from those of fibers prepared directly from wood. For example, recovered chemical fibers have lower freeness, an apparent viscosity leading to different water drainage characteristics on paper machines. Recovered fibers also have increased apparent density, lower sheet strength, increased sheet opacity, inferior fiber—fiber bonding properties, lower fiber swelling, lower fiber flexibility, lower water retention, reduced fiber fibrillation, and much lower internal fiber delamination. 

Similar to slit film fiber, fibrillated tape fiber is produced. However a draw ratio of up to 1 10 is used and a fibrillation step is added to the process. The slit film tapes are fibrillated by passing them over a rapidly rotating roll fitted with staggered rows of pins. As the pins are traveling faster than the tapes, they make a series of short discrete cuts in the longitudinal direction of the tapes. 

A nomenclature for one-dimensional materials has not yet been established. Different and creative names have been presented in the literature, such as nanotubules, whiskers, fibers, fibrils, nanocables, nanocastles, etc. Terms such as nanowires or nanorods were used in the literature for structures with two dimensions not exceeding a few hundreds of nanometers. 

Fiber fibrillation Production of fiber from film. 

Keywords split fiber, fibrillation, fibrillation tendency, processing, stretching, tape splitting, mesh structure, titre, film profiling, properties. 

Filler, wood fiber fibrils Bacteria are present at low but significant levels. If there are 12 bacteria per field, you will have about 1 000 000 colony forming units per ml (cfu/ml). This is a general rule and should be used as an indication only. It can not be used in place of plate counts. 

A recent study [15] presented a novel method to create superamphipho-bic paper by modifying the paper fiber size and structure with plasma etching and fluoropolymer deposition (see Figure 10.7). The heterogeneous nature of the paper structure is drastically different from that of artificially created superamphiphobic surfaces. By refining the wood fibers, smaller diameter fibers (fibrils) were created so that liquid droplets did not get... 

The tape yarn and film method (initially called the split-film method or fibrillation of plastic films) consists of extruding or casting thin films or tapes of thermoplastic crystalline POs, followed by their stretching to obtain a substantially parallel orientation of the fiber-forming crystallites embedded in an amorphous matrix. Because the interchain bonds are missing, lateral cohesion is low and the films or tapes can be spliced very easily into a network of interconnected fibers (fibrillation). 

Film-fiber method Split fiber (or split-film fiber) Slit fiber (or slit-film fiber) Fibrillated film fibers... 

The superior mechanical properties of biocomposites with appropriate alkali-treated natural fibers are ascribed to the increased fiber-matrix adhesion on removing the natural and artificial impurities, thereby forming roughened surfaces. As described earher, alkali treatment may lead to fiber fibrillation, resulting in the increase surface area contactable with the polymer. Such surface roughness and increased aspect ratio by fibrillation offer better natural fiber-polymer matrix bonds [4]. In another paper [143], the effect of the addition of silane-treated- and untreated talc as filler on the mechanical properties of PLA/recycled newspaper cellulose fiber/talc hybrid composites was evaluated. 

FIGURE 15 Micrographs of thin (a) and coarse and (b) wool fiber fibrillation after 28 days of exposure to microorganisms (xlOOO). 

FIGURE 16 Micrographs of wool fibers (l)initialundamagedfiber(x3,000) (2,3) bacterial cells on the fiber surface (x3000) (4) fiber fibrillation after exposure to microorganisms during 4 weeks (xlOOO). 

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