Fiber bonding agents

Uses Stabilizer, thickener, emulsifier, suspending agent, water-binder in foods, feeds, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, toothpaste emollient, film-former in cosmetics sizing and finishes for textiles paints fiber bonding agent in paper mfg. drilling fluid coffee, chocolate substitute pkg. material pharmaceutical tablet excipient... 

Locust bean gum and its derivatives are exceUent film formers and can be used either alone or in combination with starch as textile sizing agents and dye thickeners in textile printing, and as fiber bonding and beater additives in the papermaking industry. However, in most of these appHcations it has been replaced by guar. 

Rubber. The mbber industry consumes finely ground metallic selenium and Selenac (selenium diethyl dithiocarbamate, R. T. Vanderbilt). Both are used with natural mbber and styrene—butadiene mbber (SBR) to increase the rate of vulcanization and improve the aging and mechanical properties of sulfudess and low sulfur stocks. Selenac is also used as an accelerator in butyl mbber and as an activator for other types of accelerators, eg, thiazoles (see Rubber chemicals). Selenium compounds are useflil as antioxidants (qv), uv stabilizers, (qv), bonding agents, carbon black activators, and polymerization additives. Selenac improves the adhesion of polyester fibers to mbber. 

The process of textile print coloration can be divided into three steps. First, the colorant is appHed as pigment dispersion, dye dispersion, or dye solution from a vehicle caUed print paste or printing ink, containing in addition to the colorant such solutions or dispersions of chemicals as may be required by the colorant or textile substrate to improve and assist in dye solubUity, dispersion stabUity, pH, lubricity, hygroscopicity, rate of dye fixation to the substrate, and colorant-fiber bonding. The required viscosity characteristics of a print paste are achieved by addition of natural or synthetic thickening agents or by use of emulsions. 

Composite materials typically have a low matrix Young s modulus in comparison to the fiber modulus and even in comparison to the overall laminae moduli. Because the matrix material is the bonding agent between laminae, the shearing effect on the entire laminate is built up by summation of the contributions of each interlaminar zone of matrix material. This summation effect cannot be ignored because laminates can have 100 or more layersi The point is that the composite material shear moduli and G are much lower relative to the direct modulus than for isotropic materials. Thus, the effect of transverse shearing stresses. 

The chemical composition of the composite constituents and the interphase is not limited to any particular material class. There are metal-matrix, ceramic-matrix, and polymer-matrix composites, all of which find industrially relevant applications. Similarly, reinforcements in important commercial composites are made of such materials as steel. E-glass, and Kevlar . Many times a bonding agent is added to the fibers prior to compounding to create an interphase of a specified chemistry. We will describe specific component chemistries in subsequent sections. 

Suhara, F., and S. K. N. Kutty, Rheological properties of short polyester fiber-polyurethane elastomer composite with different interfacial bonding agents, Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng., 37(1), 57 (1998). 

Kokta, B.V., Maldas D., Daneault C., and Beland P. Composites of poly(vinyl chloride)-wood fibers. I. Effect of isocyanate as a bonding agent. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 29(1 - 2) 87-118 (1990). 

Oxidized starch-containing raw materials obtained from both starch and starch-containing raw materials (for example from affected amaize corns) may be used as ecologically pure bonding agents in production of resin-bonded chipboard and cane fiber board [9, 10],... 

The use of a B-523 dextran dixanthate as a bonding agent for fibers of cellulose, glass, and synthetic materials was patented by Novak in 1956. 

See diphenylmethane diisocyanate. MP Bisphenol adduct of methylenebis(4-phenyl)isocyanate. Used as bonding agent for adhering Dacron fiber to rubber compositions. T Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate, used for urethane products. TM 80% toluene-2,4-diisocyanate and 20% toluene-2,6-diisocyanate. TM-65 65% 2,4-compound and 35% 2,6-compound. 

U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,144 (March 8, 1983). L.A. Goettler. Treated fibers and bonded composites of cellulose fibers in vinyl chloride polymer characterized by an isocyanate bonding agent. 

USE Stabilizer, thickener, and binder in foods and cosmetics. Coffee, chocolate, cocoa substitute. Sizing aud finishing agent in textiles. As fiber bonding in paper manuf. Drilling mud additive. therap cat Adsorbent-demulcent,... 

Nonwovens The textile and paper industries are based on the two oldest (wet and dry) processes. Manufacturers of nonwovens for plastics draw on both. With the wet, there are basically two types namely the Fourdrinier and cylinder machine types that have been modified. In addition, two basic types exist for the process formation of the web and application of the bonding agent or system where mechanical carding of fibers is used. The particular equipment and method of operation to be used, with their many modifications, is influenced by desired requirements such as mechanical properties, softness, surface condition, tenacity, etc. There are certain t) es of so-called nonwoven fabric that are directly formed from short or chopped fiber as well as continuous filaments. They are produced by loosely compressing together fibers, yarns, rovings, etc. with or without a scrim cloth carrier assembled by mechanical, chemical, thermal, or solvent methods. Products of this type include melted and spun-bonded fabrics. 

---