FIA systems

McKelvie, I. D. Cardwell, T. J. Cattrall, R. W. A Microconduit Flow Injection Analysis Demonstration Using a 35-mm Slide Projector, /. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 262-263. Directions are provided for constructing a small-scale FIA system that can be used to demonstrate the features of flow injection analysis. For another example see Grudpan, K. Thanasarn, T. Overhead Projector Injection Analysis, Anal. Proc. 1993, 30, 10-12. 

Zhang et al. [44] determined penicillamine via a FIA system. A 50 pL sample was injected into an aqueous carrier stream of a flow injection manifold and mixed with... 

Vinas et al. [46] also determined penicillamine by chemiluminescence - flow injection analysis. The sample was dissolved in water, and a portion of resulting solution was introduced into an FIA system consisting of 5 mM luminol in 0.1 M KOH-boric acid buffer (pH 10.4), 50 pM Cu(II), and 10 mM H202 eluted at 7.2 mL/min. Chemiluminescent detection was used, the calibration graphs were linear from 0.1 to 10 mM of penicillamine, and the coefficients of variation were from 1.2% and 2.1%i. 

L. Pogacnik and M. Franko, Optimisation of FIA system for detection of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides based on cholinesterase inhibition. Talanta 54, 631-641 (2001). 

A FIA system has been proposed for the CL detection of phosphate based on an enzymatic reaction and the application of a subsequent luminol reaction [41], The system consists of an immobilized pyruvate oxidase column, a mixing chamber for the CL reaction, and a PMT. H202 is generated by the reaction of phosphate and pyruvate oxidase and then reacts with luminol and HRP, producing... 

The configuration of an FIA system is shown schematically in Fig. 1.1 (f). The (degassed) carrier and reagent solution(s) must be transported in a pulse-free transport system and at constant rate through narrow Teflon (Du Pont) tubing. 

In a practical FIA system, peristaltic pumps are usually used since they have several channels, and different flow rates may be achieved by selection of a pump tube with a suitable inner diameter. 

Flow injection analysis FIA star 5020 FIA star 5032 FIA star 5025 ion selective electrode meter FIA star 5010 The Aquatec System UK Supplier EDT Analytical Ltd 14 Trading Estate Road London NW10 7LN UK FIA System LGCI Tecator AB Box 70 S 26301 Hanagas Sweden... 

There is increasing interest in the use of specific sensor or biosensor detection systems with the FIA technique (Galensa, 1998). Tsafack et al. (2000) described an electrochemiluminescence-based fibre optic biosensor for choline with flow-injection analysis and Su et al. (1998) reported a flow-injection determination of sulphite in wines and fruit juices using a bulk acoustic wave impedance sensor coupled to a membrane separation technique. Prodromidis et al. (1997) also coupled a biosensor with an FIA system for analysis of citric acid in juices, fruits and sports beverages and Okawa et al. (1998) reported a procedure for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid and glucose in soft drinks with an electrochemical filter/biosensor FIA system. 

A study of fifty-five aliphatic, aromatic and heteroclyclic amines showed that twenty-eight of them could be detected in a FIA system at concentrations in the range of 1.0 x 10-10 to 4.0 x ] 0 6 M (SNR 3, 20 XL injection), without derivatization, by HPLC-CLD, taking profit of the chemiluminescence produced in the presence of aryl oxalate and sulforhodamine 101 (41). The method was applied to the determination of histamine (6) in fish146. See reaction 24 in Section IV.G. 

Nitrogen-containing analytes in a FIA system, e.g. amino acids, as they emerge from the LC column, are introduced into a pyrolysis oven under argon atmosphere. The products... 

Nonionic surfactants of general structure 176, used in off-shore drilling (e.g. Nonidet AT 85), are toxic and slowly biodegradable. They can be determined in an FIA system by... 

As noted earlier, the essence of flow injection is the controlled physical dispersion of an injected liquid sample into a continuous flowing unsegmented liquid carrier stream that may contain a suitable reagent to produce a transient reproducible detector response proportional to the analyte concentration. Thus, a typical FIA system consists of the following components ... 

As a process analytical solution, these extrinsic reactive approaches necessitate an extrinsic optode (see later discussion), an on-line sample conditioning system or an at-Une solution such as a flow injection analysis (FIA) system or other autonomous solutions. Reaction kinetics, post analysis cleanup such as rejuvenating a substrate (optode, immobilized based immunoassays, etc.) among other complexities are additional considerations for these types real-time analysis methods. ... 

Figure 16.4 Experimental set-up of an on-line FIA system ( ) bioreactor, (2) glycerol standard solution, (3) water for dilution, (4) buffer solution containing NAD, (5) buffer solution containing ferricyanide, (6-1) switch valve, (6-2 and 6-3) injection valves, (7-1 and 7-2) peristaltic pumps, (8) mixing chamber, (9) degasser, (10) flow sensor containing biosensor, and (11) waste. (Reprinted from Sefcovicova et al/ with permission from Elsevier.)...

Fig. 2.21 (a) Scheme of a basic FIA system. C carrier (with or without a dissolved reagent) PS propelling system IV injection valve R reactor D detector W waste, (b) Slow recording—the commonest in this technique—corresponding to injection of triplicate standards and quintuplicate samples, (c) Fast recording, with its characteristic parameters. 

Flow-injection was first thought to he operating in the turbulent regime, hut recently it has been demonstrated beyond doubt that most FIA systems operate under laminar flow conditions [42, 43]. 

Theoretical studies on FIA have been aimed at establishing an accurate relationship between the geometric (length and diameter) and hydrodynamic (flow rate) characteristics of a FIA system and the parameters defining the profile obtained (travel time, co-ordinates of the peak maximum and peak width). 

This equation is by no means easy to solve in a straightforward manner. By use of suitable approximations, Vandershce et al. [42] derived two expressions relating two of the most important parameters of the FIA curve (travel time and peak width) to the essential characteristics of an ordinary FIA system (namely the reactor length, /, and radius, t, and the flow-rate, cf), together with the molecular diffusion coefficient ... 

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