Ferrous sulfate iron content

Venetian red is a mixture of ferric oxide with up to an equal amount of the pigment extender, calcium sulfate. This pigment is manufactured by heating ferrous sulfate with quicklime in a furnace. Venetian red is a permanent and inert pigment, particularly on wood. The calcium sulfate content, which furnishes corrosion-stimulating sulfate ions, disqualifies this pigment for use on iron. 

If TSat and serum ferritin are below goal indices, iron supplementation is recommended. Options for iron supplementation include oral and intravenous therapy (see Fig. 44—1). Available oral iron preparations differ in their content of elemental iron (Table 44—2). Products available for oral therapy include ferrous salts (ferrous sulfate, ferrous... 

Although trace element abnormalities occur in chronic renal failure, few symptoms have been attributed to them in nondialyzed patients. In dialysis patients these disturbances appear to be qualitatively similar but more severe (T7). They have been extensively reviewed by Alfrey (A5). Total body zinc (except in erythrocytes), strontium, aluminum, and tin are generally increased, whereas total body rubidium is decreased. Iron stores tend to be increased in the spleen and liver in dialyzed patients, especially after ferrous sulfate therapy. Copper is increased in lung tissue and decreased in heart tissue and erythrocytes. Molybdenum and cadmium are decreased in renal tissue but increased in liver tissue of dialyzed and nondialyzed patients. Total body zinc content is significantly increased (A5), but hypozincemia, frequently observed in dialysis patients, has been blamed for taste impairment and impotence and there is conflicting evidence on whether zinc repletion corrects these abnormalities (K4, Ml2). Nickel is also increased in the serum of uremic patients, but this does not appear to be associated with a corresponding increase in tissues (S5). It cannot be concluded that trace element retention in renal failure is of no clinical importance, as shown by the problem of aluminum intoxication, to be discussed later. In addition, trace elements such as rubidium and bromine, which are rapidly depleted in uremic patients on maintenance dialysis (A5), may prove to be essential in normal metabolism. Thus the clinical importance of these element alterations remains unclear. 

Ferrous sulfate (feosol, others) is the hydrated salt, FeSO 7Hff), which contains 20% iron. Ferrous fumarate (feostat, others) contains 33% iron and is moderately soluble in water, stable, and almost tasteless. Ferrous gluconate (fergon, others), which contains 12% iron, also is used in the therapy of iron-deficiency anemia. Polysaccharide—iron complex (niferex, others), a compound of ferrihydrite and carbohydrate, has comparable absorption. The effective dose of these preparations is based on iron content. 

At pH 6 and [HCO3"] = 10 M, the predicted iron concentration is approximately 20 mg/liter. Thus waters in this region can have significantly higher dissolved iron contents than waters in equilibrium with Fe(OH)3(s) and FeS2(s) at a comparable pH. In Table 7-6 is shown a partial analysis for this type of water. Note also the increase in sulfate concentration in the well water from the FeCOstsj zone. This arises because we can treat the formation of an FeCOaoj-zone water as the oxidation of FeSais) to ferrous sulfate, thus ... 

Fregert S, Rorsman H (1966) Allergy to chromium, nickel and cobalt. Acta Derm Venereol 46 114-118 Fregert S, Gruvberger B, Sandahl E (1979) Reduction of chromate in cement by iron sulfate. Contact Dermatitis 5 39-42 Fullerton A, Gammelgaard B, Avnstorp C, Menne T (1993) Chromium content in human skin after in vitro application of ordinary cement and ferrous-sulfate-reduced cement. Contact Dermatitis 29 133-137... 

Normal mixed human diets of good quality contain from 6 to 15 mg of iron per day, of which 0.6 to 1.5 mg is absorbed. This amount is adequate for adult males, but it is inadequate for adolescent girls or women on diets of less than 10% calorie content from animal foods hence, the doctor may recommend iron supplementation for females. It is noteworthy, however, that diets consisting of highly refined foods, such as are common in the United States, contain only 6 to 7 mg of iron, a level that is not high enough to satisfy the requirements. The iron level of such refin food diets can be improved by fortification (through wheat f bur and bakery products). The use of ferrous sulfate, one... 

Geochemists (e.g., Thorstenson et al., 1979 Thorstenson, 1984) have long recognized that at low temperature many redox reactions are unlikely to achieve equilibrium, and that the meaning of Eh measurements is problematic. Lindberg and Runnells (1984) demonstrated the generality of the problem. They compiled from the watstore database more than 600 water analyses that provided at least two measures of oxidation state. The measures included Eh, dissolved oxygen content, concentrations of dissolved sulfate and sulfide, ferric and ferrous iron, nitrate and ammonia, and so on. 

Absorption/Dlstrlbutlon - The average dietary intake of iron is 12 to 20 mg/day for males and 8 to 15 mg/day for females however, only about 10% of this iron is absorbed (1 to 2 mg/day) in individuals with adequate iron stores. Absorption is enhanced (20% to 30%) when storage iron is depleted or when erythropoiesis occurs at an increased rate. Iron is primarily absorbed from the duodenum and jejunum. The ferrous salt form is absorbed 3 times more readily than the ferric form. The common ferrous salts (ie, sulfate, gluconate, fumarate) are absorbed almost on a milligram-for-milligram basis but differ in the content of elemental iron. Sustained-release... 

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