In vitro applications

In a similar fashion, steroids are molecules that have been investigated by disruption of FRET. The sensor is a double labeled peptide with cyclodextrin bound to one side chain. The latter keeps the fluorophores closely together by accommodating the coumarin into its cavity thereby ensuring efficient FRET. Steroids compete for the cavity of cyclodextrin and displace the coumarin reducing FRET efficiency. This model, although useful for in vitro applications, seems to be poorly selective for its application in biological samples [95],... 

Cofactor regeneration is a necessary prerequisite for an in-vitro application of oxidoreductase enzymes, as the cofactors are too expensive to be used in stoichiometric amounts (Fig. 43.2) [17, 18]. 

Acetyichoiine Ginkgo enhances release of acetylcholine and alters cholinergic receptors. Both direct in vitro application and long-term oral administration increases presynaptic uptake of choline in hippocampal synaptosomes (Kristofikova et al. 1992). The effective concentrations for... 

Various fast redox couples such as ferrocene, ferro/ferri cyanide, and ruthenium hexamine have been used as mobile mediators. In order to be electron acceptors their standard potentials must be more positive than that of FADH2/FAD redox couple (E° = 0.05 V, at pH = 7). The requirement of mobility is, however, in conflict with the lifetime of the sensor. Because the mediator is of comparable size to the substrate, it cannot be confined to the electrode proper by, for example, a dialysis membrane. In fact, the only way this type of sensor can operate is in a sample containing a sufficient concentration of the mediator (Cass et al., 1984). Obviously, this requirement makes such sensors suitable only for in vitro applications. 

Barrier materials must be biocompatible with soft tissue (in vitro) applications... 

In vivo activities include hormone biosynthesis, xenobiotic elimination, drug (de-)activation, and carcinogenesis [22], while potential in vitro applications range from chemical synthesis [23] to biosensing [24],... 

In conclusion, we have developed a general method enabling covalent and specific labeling of fusion proteins in vivo. Its applicability in different organisms and its independence of the nature of the label should make this method an important tool for functional studies of proteins in the living cell. AGT fusion proteins should, furthermore, become a powerful tool for all those in-vitro applications where the protein of interest must be either specifically labeled or immobilized. 

Fullerton A, Gammelgaard B, Avnstorp C, et al. 1993. Chromium content in human skin after in vitro application of ordinary cement and ferrous-sulphate-reduced cement. Contact Dermatitis 29 133-137. 

The delivery of nanoparticles in the human body usually requires suspending the nanoparticles in a water-based fluid. In-vitro applications also usually require an aqueous environment. Magnetic nanoparticles must remain... 

For the in vitro application of polymers and microgels, ionizing radiation is an efficient tool for their synthesis. Chitosan can be degraded in a controlled way and the target molecular weight can be reached by selection of the appropriate radiation dose. The irradiation of vinyl pyrrolidone is a convenient way to synthesize microgels that exhibit uniform sizes after grinding and fractionation. 

The following discussion is focused on in vitro applications of monoclonal antibodies and nucleic acid probes as diagnostic reagents. The principles of production and characteristics of Mabs are described in Chapter 2. Their use as in vivo diagnostic imaging agents has been discussed in Chapter 3 in the context of therapeutic applications, and is not discussed further here. The principles of PCR and nucleic acid hybridization have been discussed in Chapter 2 and Chapter 4, respectively. 

The shunt probe can be considered as a variation because the linear probe is contained inside another plastic tube (the shunt) where the fluid to be sampled passes, this arrangement allowing the continuous sampling from moving fluids. First described by Scott and Limte [31] it is usually appUed for bile sampling [32,33] but in vitro applications are also described such as that for milk analysis [34]. 

Since the first reports on magnetically enhanced nucleic acid delivery in the year 2000 (1,2), magnetofection has become a well-established method and has been predominantly used for in vitro applications. It has been shown to potentiate viral (3, 4) and non-viral nucleic acid delivery, including plasmids or small constructs such as antisense oligonucleotides, and synthetic siRNA and PCR products (5-10). The nucleic acids can be directly associated with magnetic nanoparticles in... 

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