Fermentation diagram

Figure ll-18a shows a flow diagram for eonstrueting tlie matliematieal model of a fermentation proeess. 

Fig ure 11-23. Piping and instrumentation diagram of a fermenter. (Source Bartow [13], Supersizing the aerobic fermenter," Chem ca Engineering, pp. 70-75, July 1999. Courtesy of Chemical Engineering.)... 

You should now be completely familiar with this type of flow diagram as it is similar to that shown for the production of SCP from whey. However, the characteristics of the fermentation differ in several respects. 

Study the unlabelled block diagram, and then replace the question marks with the words and phrases to give a generalised scheme of an industrial fermentation. Assume in this example that the product is excreted from the microbial cells. 

Your flow diagram might not look exactly like the one shown for instance you will probably have represented the fermentation step by fermentation, rather than drawing the bioreactor. Nevertheless you should have all toe unit processes and inputs shown above in your own diagram. 

The concentration of enzyme is veiy low, about several hundred milligrams per litre in the fermentation broth. Solvent extraction is a suitable process to recover a small amount of enzyme. The chance of some enzyme being intracellular is high, therefore cells are ruptured to liberate enzyme, which can then interact with organic solvents. Figure 7.1 shows a simple diagram for a jacketed fermentation vessel for operation at constant temperature. 

The production rate of acetic acid was 2kg-h 1, where the maximum acetic acid concentration was 12%. Air was pumped into the fermenter with a molar flow rate of 200 moMi-. The chemical reaction is presented in (E. 1.1) and flow diagram in Figure 9.5. Determine the minimum amount of ethanol intake and identify the required mass balance for the given flow sheet. The ethanol biochemical oxidation reaction using A. aceti is ... 

Figure 9.10 shows the flow diagram for production of citric acid in solid-state fermentation. The basis of calculation is 1500 kg citric acid. 

Fig. 24. Influence of impeller type and working conditions on productivity P/Xt and growth rate p of Penicillin G batch fermentations with Penicillium chrysogenum (left hand diagram data from [60]) and correlation by using the turbulent stress Tt corresponding to Eq. (28) (right hand diagram) symbol explanations see Fig. 23...

The ethanol-water azeotrope (95%ethanol-5%water) is an example of a minimum boiling azeotrope. Its boiling point is lower than that of the components (Fig. 143). If you ve ever fermented anything and distilled the results in the hopes of obtaining 200 proof (100%) white lightning, you d have to content yourself with getting the azeotropic 190 proof mixture, instead. Fermentation usually stops when the yeast die in their own 15% ethanol solution. At room temperature, this is point A on our phase diagram. When you heat the... 

A number of authors wrote primarily to emphasize either the equipment or the algorithms used in their work. Hammond and Brookes wrote a paper focusing on the technique, not necessarily the results, of any single fermentation.43 In this work, the authors discuss, of course, the experimental work performed and the results, but emphasized the definitions of terms used throughout NIR and the equations by which they are determined. The hardware used is diagrammed and... 

Figure 8 is a schematic flow diagram for the hydrolysis of waste newsprint. Most of the process design criteria and the economic evaluations of the saccharification process have been based on newsprint as substrate. Notable analyses are those of Wilke and co-workers (21) and Humphrey (22). In the hydrolysis, the substrate is first pretreated (milling), to make it more accessible to the enzyme. Saccharification takes place in a reaction vessel, where the substrate is contacted with the enzyme solution from the fermentation vessel. Glucose solution is separated from unreacted substrate at the outlet of the vessel and the solution passes on to a concentration stage before the sugar is used in the yeast fermentation to produce alcohol. 

Figure 6.2 is a schematic diagram of the anaerobic gas-solid fluidized bed fermenter used by Hayes and co-workers (Hayes, 1998 Smith... 

Figure 6.6 Schematic diagram of an anaerobic gas-solid fluidized bed fermenter for ethanol production. Reproduced from Hayes (1998) with permission.

Since fermentation takes place in a dilute aqueous solution, the reaction continues until the alcohol concentration approaches about 14%. At higher concentrations, the process becomes self-inhibitory. By-products from starch fermentation to ethanol can include higher-molecular-weight alcohols, glycerine, and ethers. Usually no more than 10% starch is converted to these compounds. Atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, and membrane separation techniques can be used to recover ethanol from the final fermented product. The distillate bottoms, called stillage, are recovered as a by-product for animal feed. A biomass fermentation flow diagram is provided in FIGURE 12-2. 

The results of the AEDA are usually displayed as diagram of the FD-factors vs. the retention indices (RI), the so-called FD-chromatogram. The FD-chromatogram obtained by application of the AEDA on the neutral/basic volatiles of the pale lager beer is shown in Figure 3 [18], The highest FD-factors were found for compounds 4 (malty, alcoholic), 6 (fermented wort), 14 (fruity), 17 (flowery), 20 (spicy) and 22 (cooked apple-like). 

Fig. 6.3 Cutaway diagram of a fermenter used for penicillin production.

Fig. 6.4 Schematic diagram of (a) batch stirred-tank fermenter and plug-flow fermenter...

Microbial populations can be maintained in a state of exponential growth over a long period of time by using a system of continuous culture. Figure 6.7 shows the block diagram for a continuous stirred-tank fermenter (CSTF). The growth chamber is connected to a... 

Fig. 6.7 Schematic diagram of continuous stirred-tank fermenter (CSTF)...

Figure 6.14 shows the schematic diagram of the two fermenters connected in series, CSTF followed by PFF. The result of the material... 

Fig. 6.14 Schematic diagram of the two fermenters, CSTF and PFF, connected in series.

---