Fermentation process diagram

Since fermentation takes place in a dilute aqueous solution, the reaction continues until the alcohol concentration approaches about 14%. At higher concentrations, the process becomes self-inhibitory. By-products from starch fermentation to ethanol can include higher-molecular-weight alcohols, glycerine, and ethers. Usually no more than 10% starch is converted to these compounds. Atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, and membrane separation techniques can be used to recover ethanol from the final fermented product. The distillate bottoms, called stillage, are recovered as a by-product for animal feed. A biomass fermentation flow diagram is provided in FIGURE 12-2. 

Diagrams for a synthetic chemical, single reaction step process (Fig. 3) and a typical single product fermentation (Fig. 4) are taken from Wintner s excellent article [ Environmental Controls in the Pharm. Industry. Pharm Eng (April 1993)]. Both flow diagrams feature about the same number of unit operations and start with raw material weighing procedures. The essential difference between the two figures is that the fermentation process features sterilization, inactivation, and preservation unit operations. 

Figure ll-18a shows a flow diagram for constructing the mathematical model of a fermentation process. 

NF technology is used in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry to recover antibiotics from fermentation processes. A schematic flow diagram of NF separation for recovery of 6-APA is shown in Figure 3.25 [10]. 6-AminopeniciUanic add (6-APA, MW 216 Da) is an intermediate in the manufacture of synthetic peniciUin and can be manufactured by an enzymatic process. A medium-sized plant produces 15—20 tons of mother liquor per day. NF (solvent stable membrane is used) separates the 6-APA (in the reten-tate) from the other Hquor at 60—80 kg/d and is recycled to the extraction unit, thereby minimising product losses (recovery is 90—95%). 

Your flow diagram might not look exactly like the one shown for instance you will probably have represented the fermentation step by fermentation, rather than drawing the bioreactor. Nevertheless you should have all toe unit processes and inputs shown above in your own diagram. 

The concentration of enzyme is veiy low, about several hundred milligrams per litre in the fermentation broth. Solvent extraction is a suitable process to recover a small amount of enzyme. The chance of some enzyme being intracellular is high, therefore cells are ruptured to liberate enzyme, which can then interact with organic solvents. Figure 7.1 shows a simple diagram for a jacketed fermentation vessel for operation at constant temperature. 

Figure 8 is a schematic flow diagram for the hydrolysis of waste newsprint. Most of the process design criteria and the economic evaluations of the saccharification process have been based on newsprint as substrate. Notable analyses are those of Wilke and co-workers (21) and Humphrey (22). In the hydrolysis, the substrate is first pretreated (milling), to make it more accessible to the enzyme. Saccharification takes place in a reaction vessel, where the substrate is contacted with the enzyme solution from the fermentation vessel. Glucose solution is separated from unreacted substrate at the outlet of the vessel and the solution passes on to a concentration stage before the sugar is used in the yeast fermentation to produce alcohol. 

There are four primary processes used in the manufacture of APIs. They are chemical synthesis, fermentation, extraction, and purification. A flow diagram (Fig. 3) and... 

Presented below are four flow diagrams representing processes for washing the concentrated yeast suspension (the suspension concentrated from the fermentation medium by centrifugation). Which of these processes do you think would be suitable for washing the yeast suspension ... 

A flow diagram of the process is presented in Figure 5.6. The surface culture process is so called because the fermentation takes place in shallow trays. The trays are conventionally stacked up to ten high and several stacks may be placed together in die same room. The requirements for die plant are simple limited cleaning of the room to produce aseptic conditions at the beginning and a facility to pass warm, moist air over the trays. 

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