Feldspar sulfate

Aluminum [7429-90-5] Al, atomic number 13, atomic weight 26.981, is, at 8.8 wt %, the third most abundant element in the earth s cmst. It is usually found in siUcate minerals such as feldspar [68476-25-5] clays, and mica [12001 -26-2]. Aluminum also occurs in hydroxide, oxide—hydroxide, fluoride, sulfate, or phosphate compounds in a large variety of minerals and ores. 

Fig. 2.8. Relation between the Ca and CR concentrations of geothermal waters and inclusion fluids. Solid lines indicate (1) albite-K-feldspar-muscovite-quartz-caleite-solution equilibrium at OHaCOs = 10 (2) albite-K-feldspar-muscovite-quartz-calcite-solution equilibriumn at oh2C03 = 10 (3) anhydrite-solution at SSo (total dissolved sulfate concentration) = 10 and (4) anhydrite-solution equilibrium at SSq = 10. For symbols used see caption to Fig. 2.2 (Shikazono, 1978a).

Feldspar, among many natural substances such as termite mount-clay, saw dust, kaolinite, and dolomite, offers significant removal ability for phosphate, sulfate, and color colloids. Optimization laboratory tests of parameters such as solution pH and flow rate, resulted in a maximum efficiency for removal of phosphate (42%), sulfate (52%), and color colloids (73%), x-ray diffraction, adsorption isotherms test, and recovery studies suggest that the removal process of anions occurs via ion exchange in conjunction with surface adsorption. Furthermore, reaction rate studies indicated that the removal of these pollutants by feldspar follows first-order kinetics. Percent removal efficiencies, even under optimized conditions, will be expected to be somewhat less for industrial effluents in actual operations due to the effects of interfering substances [58]. 

Priyantha, N. Pereira, S. Removal of phosphate, sulfate, and colored substances in wastewater effluents using Feldspar. Water Res. Mgnt. 2000, 14 (6), 417. 

Other Aluminosilicates - Mica, Feldspar, Chlorite, Quartz Sulfate - Fe Sulfate, Gypsum Carbonate - Calcite, Siderite, Dolomite Fe Altered - Oxides, Sulfate... 

Other extender pigments include barium sulfate, feldspar, diatomite, and mica. 

Among some kinds of reactions which are slow on a relevant time scale and in particular environments are certain metal-ion oxidations, oxidation of sulfides, sulfate reduction, various metal ion polymerizations (e.g., vanadium, aluminum), aging of hydroxide and oxide precipitates, precipitation of metal-ion silicates and carbonates (e.g., dolomites), conversions among aluminosilicates (e.g., feldspar-kaolinite), and solution or precipitation of quartz (9). Some of these reactions can be accelerated greatly by biological catalysis (e.g., sulfate reduction, metal ion oxidations) (7). 

Aluminum occurs widely in nature in silicates such as micas and feldspars, complexed with sodium and fluorine as cryolite, and in bauxite rock, which is composed of hydrous aluminum oxides, aluminum hydroxides, and impurities such as free silica (Cotton and Wilkinson 1988). Because of its reactivity, aluminum is not found as a free metal in nature (Bodek et al. 1988). Aluminum exhibits only one oxidation state (+3) in its compounds and its behavior in the environment is strongly influenced by its coordination chemistry. Aluminum partitions between solid and liquid phases by reacting and complexing with water molecules and anions such as chloride, fluoride, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, and negatively charged functional groups on humic materials and clay. 

Total soil carbon was determinated by elemental analysis with an automatic analyzer (CHNS 932, Lego). FOURIER transform infrared spectroscopy (IFS 66, Bruker) was used for analysis of the main soil components clay, feldspar, silicate, carbonate, and sulfate. This method is based on the application of a multi-step iterative spectra exhaustion method in which the soil spectrum is decremented by a small fraction of the spectrum of the most probable component [HOBERT et al., 1993]. 

Mica, biotite, potash, feldspars, silimanite, zircon, graphite, iron carbide, lead sulfate... 

Sodium is a strongly electronegative metal, being very reactive, and it does not occur in nature in the elemental state but always in cationic form in salts or minerals (sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, sodium borate, sodium nitrate, feldspar, kaoline, etc.). 

Of course, once the ore is obtained from its deposit, the actual work of extracting the desired metal has yet to be accomplished. In addition to metals, a variety of other substances comprise natural minerals. Since aluminum and silicon are the most prevalent elements in the Earth s crust, most of the metals exist naturally as aluminates, silicates, or aluminosilicates. The most common minerals are feldspars and clays. These materials have been used since ancient times for the production of materials such as pottery, brick, and china. An example of a feldspar is K2Al2Si60i6, which corresponds to a mixture of potassium superoxide, alumina, and silica (K20-Al203 6Si02). Upon contact with water and carbon dioxide, a weathering reaction results in kaolinite, an aluminosilicate clay (Eq. 1). However, in addition to these oxidized sources of metals, there are substances such as alkaline carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, as well as organic matter that need to be removed to yield the desired metal. As you would expect, the yield for this process is quite low ores typically possess less than 1 % of the desired metal ... 

Sulfide oxidation and sulfate reduction are reactions that are usually microbially mediated in Earth-surface environments. It is likely that this is also true of subglacial environments. If this is the case, there is a requirement for nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Snow- and ice melt provide limited quantities of nitrogen, mainly as NOJ and NH4, and it is likely that phosphorus is derived from comminuted rock debris. However, there may well be a rock source of NH4 from mica and feldspar dissolution (Holloway et al., 1998), and some may also be obtained from the oxidation of organic matter. The concentration of NOJ in glacial runoff is usually <30 p,eq L, and often between 0 p,eq and 2 peq L. On occasion, NO concentrations are below the detection limit, which may be evidence for microbial uptake in subglacial environments. 

Dissolution of feldspars is a logical source of dissolved silica, calcium, sodium, and potassium in groundwater. Similarly, the reaction of carbon dioxide-charged water with silicate minerals is a logical source of bicarbonate. Rogers (1987) examined these and other hypotheses using a mass-balance approach. In these calculations, chloride and sulfate were not considered, and the beginning concentrations were considered to be... 

Raw materials for glass wool sand, lime, dolomite, feldspar, kaolin, alumina-containing igneous rock, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, potassium carbonate, boron minerals... 

The carbonates are mainly calcite, dolomite, or siderite. The occurrence of calcite is frequently bimodal. Some calcite occurs as inherent ash, while other calcite appears as thin layers in cleats and fissures. Iron can be present in small quantities as hematite, ankorite, and in some of the clay minerals such as illite. In addition to the more common minerals, silica is present sometimes as sand particles or quartz. The alkalies are sometimes found as chlorides or as sulfates but probably most often as feldspars, typically orthoclase and albite. In the case of lignites, unlike bituminous and subbituminous, sodium is not present as a mineral but is probably distributed throughout the lignite as the sodium salt of a hydroxyl group or a carboxylic acid group in humic acid. Calcium, like sodium, is bound organically to humic acid. Therefore, it too is uniformly distributed in the sample [10]. 

We suggest that the initial major-ionic composition of the brine is controlled by a tendency toward equilibrium with the common sedimentary phases halite, quartz, plagioclase and K-feldspar. The other components of the brine are probably controlled by reaction with other common sedimentary phases. Since 2mca + + mNa+ approaches Wa-, Ca in the brine cannot be derived from dissolution of anhydrite. Dissolution of anhydrite would result in Ca being balanced by sulfate or bicarbonate (in the case of sulfate reduction). Since the concentrations of both sulfate and bicarbonate are very low, the cause of the high Ca concentration in the brine cannot be anhydrite dissolution. The sulfate concentration in the brine is controlled by the equilibration of anhydrite with a Ca-rich brine, and the bicarbonate by equilibration with calcite and CO2. The high Sr content, which exceeds Mg in the deepest brines, is probably controlled by equilibration with celestite in the evaporite section. 

Ethylene sulfate Feldspar Ferric sulfate Fluorspar Formaldehyde... 

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