Fatty alcohols Ziegler process

Eatty alcohols, prepared from fatty acids or via petrochemical processes, aldol or hydroformylation reactions, or the Ziegler process, react with ammonia or a primary or secondary amine in the presence of a catalyst to form amines (10—12). 

The principal iadustrial production route used to prepare fatty amines is the hydrogenation of nitriles, a route which has been used since the 1940s. Commercial preparation of fatty amines from fatty alcohols is a fairly new process, created around 1970, which utilizes petrochemical technology, Ziegler or Oxo processes, and feedstock. 

Linear, even-numbered, primary alcohols—like the natural fatty alcohols—are produced by the aluminum organic alcohol synthesis after Ziegler, the so-called Alfol process. This alcohol synthesis proceeds in three steps ... 

The Ziegler catalytic procedure for converting a-olefins to fatty alcohols and the methyl ester hydrogenation process are the important methods for preparing fatty alcohols. 

Fig. 36.21. Ziegler process for production of synthetic fatty alcohols.

The different methods used in the production of fatty alcohols from various sources are (1) hydrolysis of wax esters using animal fats, (2) sodium reduction process using fats and oils, (3) Ziegler process using ethylene, (4) oxo process using olefins,... 

The CONDEA group operates two different types of processes for the manufacture of alkoxide derived alumians and related products, the Ziegler-ALFOL process and CONDEA s On-Purpose Process. The Ziegler process is a co-production process of linear fatty alcohols and alumina, using aluminum organic compounds as intermediates, CONDEA s own On-Purpose technology is based on the formation of aluminum alkoxide from aluminum metal and alcohol. In both processes the formation of alumina is achieved by hydrolysis of aluminum alcoholates with water. 

Fatty alcohols and their derivatives are important in many industrial processes where thQ are used as raw materials for surfactants and lubricants. A fot alcohol is, in general defined as a monohydric aliphatic alcohol with six or more caibon atoms. The annual production of fotty alcohols is over 1 million metric tons. Commercially fotty alcohols are produced by one of three processes the Ziegler process, the Oxo process or ly a high pressure hydrogenation of fot acids or esters. The latter process is the only one process that uses renewable natural fots/oils whereas the two first processes utilize petrochemical... 

The Ziegler technology produces a broad Poisson-distribution of more or less even-numbered fatty alcohols which are fractionated into blends and single cuts. The Oxo-process results in more or less highly branched, even- and odd-numbered alcohols. 

The alkyl chain of a particular alkyl sulfate depends, of course, on the alcohol used in its synthesis. For technically relevant alkyl sulfates, such alcohols are available from the catalytic reduction of natural fatty acids and synthesized fatty acids or alcohols from the Oxo Process. Alcohols produced via the Ziegler process ( alfols ) contain mainly 10 to 22 carbon atoms in their main chains and are in accordance with fatty alcohols obtained from natural sources. 

Fatty alcohols can be synthesized from various processes. They can result from a catalytic hydrogenation of fatty acids and methyl esters. They can also be obtained from the Ziegler process in which ethylene H2C=CH2 reacts with triethyl aluminum to form an alkyl aluminum that is then oxidized into an aluminum alcoholate, which is finally hydrolyzed under acidic conditions... 

Ziegler Alcohol Processes. Two processes for the production of synthetic fatty alcohols are based on the work of Ziegler on organic aluminum compounds the Alfol process, developed by Conoco and Ethyl Corporation s Epal process. Fatty alcohols synthesized by these processes are structurally similar to natural fatty alcohols and are thus ideal substitutes for natural products. 

Besides methanol and ethanol, the most important alcohols are 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol (isobutyl alcohol), the plasticizer alcohols (Ce—Cii), and the fatty alcohols (C12—Cig), used for detergents. They are prepared mainly from olefins via the 0x0 synthesis (hydroformylation), or by the Ziegler process (Ullmann, 2012) and not via gasification and Fisher—Tropsch synthesis. If ethylene... 

Primary alcohols are produced either by the catalytic hydrogenation of methyl esters or by fatty acids derived from oils and fats, e.g., coconut oil (C12-C14) or tallow (Cl6-C18), or from synthetic sources. Alcohols manufactured from natural oils and fats and from the Ziegler-type processes produce even-numbered chain length primary alcohols. 

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