Fatty acid derivatives, technically

Properties Colorless solid fatty repulsive odor. D 0.830-0.836, refr index 1.428, mp 24C, bp 259C, flash p above 212F (100C) (CC). Insoluble in water soluble in two parts of 70% alcohol. Combustible. Derivation Reduction of coconut-oil fatty acids. Grade Technical, FCC. 

Grade Technical, contains higher and lower fatty acid derivatives. 

Biodiesel is technically defined as monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats conforming to ASTM D6751 specifications [13]. Blends are denoted as BXX XX indicates the percentage of biodiesel contained within the blend. As we go forward, it is up to today s automotive chemist to work to develop efficient processes such as these in order to maintain our environment as well as to remain competitive in a global market. 

Technically important Fatty Acid Derivatives. Nitrogen-containing lipids such as primary, secondary and tertiary amines, quaternary ammonium bases, amides and nitriles, all of which find many varied applications in the plastic and textile industries, can be separated into classes on silica gel G by using ammonia-containing solvents (see Table 68) [19, 121, 162]. The first four solvents in Table 68 have been used in succession in the stepwise development technique (see p. 87) for analysing complex mixtures [121]. 

Table 68. Solvents for separation of technically important fatty acid derivatives on...

Most of the technically produced a-sulfo fatty esters are prepared from unbranched saturated fatty acid esters that are derived from 8 22 carboxylic acids and Cj-C3 alcohols. In particular the C12 (lauric), C14 (myristic), C16 (palmitic), and C18 (stearic) acids are interesting because the ester sulfonates... 

Although Edson2298 postulates that carbohydrates, as well as their derivatives are antiketogenic and compete with fatty acids for oxygen in the liver (as demonstrated by the Warburg technic), his results are only inferential since they are not based on the direct determination of the fatty acid decrease. Bobbitt and Deuel,82 on the other hand, found that not only was the formation of ketone bodies depressed when glycogen was added to the medium, but also that the disappearance of butyrate, as determined by direct analysis, was increased under such circumstances. 

The components of a technical cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB Fig. 2.13.1) mixture were separated under reversed phase conditions in the order of increasing length of the alkyl chain (Fig. 2.13.2) [1]. Since the hydrophobic moiety of the surfactant molecule is derived from coconut oil, the two homologues Ci2 and C14 form the major constituents according to the distribution in the natural raw product containing approximately 49% of Ci2- and 19% of C14-fatty acid [2],... 

Incoshield, Long-fiber nickel concentrates, INCO Specialty Powder Products Indofast, Organic pigment, Bayer Corp., Performance Products Indopol, Polybutene, Amoco Chemicals Industrene, Technical-industrial fatty acids, Witeo Corp., Oleochemicals Derivatives Div. Ineilec, Polypropylene sheet. Polymer Industries... 

As the long-chain alkylamines meant here in general derive from fatty acids, they are also termed fatty amines, or more correctly fatty C8-C22 alkylamines. A processing technic is the catalytic dehydration of fatty alcohols at 210-260°C with ammonia or shortchain alkylamines or dialkylamines. Another manufacturing process starts from fats or oils which are transferred to fatty acid amides with ammonia dehydration of the amides leads to nitriles the catalytic hydrogenation of which produces fatty amines ... 

Hydroxycarboxylic acids and 5-hydroxycarboxylic acids occur in the form of corresponding y- and 5-lactones in many fruits, especially apricots and peaches. Many other hydroxy fatty acids are also found in seed oils of plants. For example, (S)-jalapinolic acid (3-28) occurs in lipophilic ester-type dimers of acylated pentasaccharides derived from L-rhamnose in sweet potato Ipomoea batatas, Convolvulaceae), which are known as batatins. (9Z,12S)-12-Hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic (ricinoleic) acid (3-29) occurs in castor oil, where it represents about 90% of the total fatty acids. So-called castor oil is extracted from the seeds of the castor oil plant Ricinus communis) of the Euphorbiaceae family, and is used only for technical purposes as it has purgative properties. 

Most of the technically produced a-sulfo fatty esters are prepared from unbranched saturated fatty acid esters that are derived from C8-C22 carboxylic acids and Ci C3 alcohols. In particular, the C12 (lauric), C14 (myristic), C16 (palmitic), and Cig (stearic) acids are interesting because the ester sulfonates with these carbon chains have the best properties for surfactant applications. Triglycerides with the needed number of carbons are available in coconut oil (—48% C12, 17% C14), palm kernel oil (-50% C12, 17% C14), palm oil (—46% Cie), and tallow (—26% Cie, 23% Cig) [3,8]. Unsaturated esters normally contained in natural oils and tallow (e.g., tallow contains about 43% of oleic oil) cause an undesirable color of the ester sulfonates. Therefore, the esters must be distilled or hydrogenated before sulfonation so that their iodine number is less than 0.5 [38]. 

Although arachidonate and other fatty acids may be analyzed by HPLC without derivatization (for example, by linking the HPLC column to a light-scattering detector), derivatives prepared with either UV-absorbing or fluorescent tags are often preferred because they can be detected with much greater sensitivity. The reader interested in these technical issues is referred to several comprehensive books that have recently been published. 

The double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids in the TAGs of vegetable oils can be modified in different ways to obtain reactive, technically useful derivatives of these oils. For example, the most widely reported and manufactured vegetable oil-based products are derivatives of epoxidized, hydroxylated or acrylated vegetable oils that find use in a wide range of industrial applications. Examples of these chemical reactions are shown in Fig. 5.1. Although the most notable... 

It is used almost exclusively for soap making and nutrition, e.g., for margarine in Brazil internally. Technical use, e.g., as babassu oil fatty acid and derivatives, as well as exports are of minor importance. The aimual production was 160000 mt (1980) and is declining. 

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