Pigments intermediates

Monochlorobenzene. The largest use of monochlorobenzene in the United States is in the production of nitrochlorobenzenes, both ortho and para, which are separated and used as intermediates for mbber chemicals, antioxidants (qv), dye and pigment intermediates, agriculture products, and pharmaceuticals (Table 5). Since the mid-1980s, there have been substantial exports of both o-nitrochlorobenzene, estimated at 7.7 million kg to Europe and -nitrochlorobenzene, estimated at 9.5 million kg to the Far East. Solvent use of monochlorobenzene accounted for about 28% of the U.S. consumption. This appHcation involves solvents for herbicide production and the solvent for diphenylmethane diisocyanate manufacture and other chemical intermediates. 

HopmeierA. 1988. Pigment intermediate data. Amer Ink Maker 66 12-15. 

The cadmium red pigment intermediate is obtained as a precipitate which is filtered off, washed, and calcined at approx. 600 °C. As with cadmium yellow, calcination yields the red pigment and determines the particle size, particle size distribution, and color shade. Analogously to the cadmium yellow process, cadmium red can be produced by direct reaction of cadmium oxide or cadmium carbonate with sulfur and the required amount of selenium at approx. 600 °C. 

Ordinary paints, particularly those with pigmentation intermediate between flat and full gloss, possess a fair amount of fire retardance when exposed to conditions existing during the first stages of a fire. This can be checked at a bonfire by throwing on painted and unpainted boards, and observing which catches fire first and which is consumed first. 

Use Light-fast yellow pigment intermediate diazo coupler. 

Graphic Arts printing inks pre-press supplies (film, etc.) and equipment pigments and pigment intermediates imaging and reprographic products (toners etc.). In general the overseas activities are undertaken by Sun Chemical ... 

Uses Intermediate for paints rubber accelerators and antioxidants dyes and pigments intermediates photographic chems. isocyanates for urethane foams pharmaceutical intermediate explosives petrol, refining phenolics diphenylamine herbicides fungicides epoxy curing agents... 

Uses Dye for wool, silk pigment intermediate Manuf./Distrib. D G Dyes Org. Dyestuffs http //www.organicdye.com Acid red 151... 

Storage Store refrigerated keep tightly closed Uses Dye and pigment intermediate Manuf./Distrib. AccuStandard http //www.accustandard.com, Acros Org. http //www.acros.be, Aldrich http //www.sigma-aldrich.com, Alfa Aesar http //www.alfa.com, Clariant http //www.clariant.com, http //WWW. ciariant-northamerica. com Fluka http //www.sigma-aidrich.com, ICN Biomed. Research Prods. http //www.icnbiomed. com, Lan caster Synthesis Pfaltz Bauer http //www.pfaitzandbauer. com, Rhod i a http //www. rhodia. com TCI Am. http //www.tciamerica.com... 

PTCA (10) is not only important as a perylene pigment intermediate, but also possesses attractive tinctorial and fastness properties as Pigment Red 224. It shows strong and brilliant color, and exhibits excellent fastness and thermal stability. ... 

Gels using multifunctional crosslihking agents Polyester resin raw material, urethane foam raw material, poly(vinyl chloride) stabilizer, detergents, pigment, intermediate for medical products, synthetic resin raw material, sterilizer. 

Uses Emulsifier for asphalt lubricant film-former catalyst for epoxies pigment intermediate... 

Porphyrins and chlorophylls are the most widespread natural pigments. They are associated with the energy-converting processes of respiration and photosynthesis in living organisms, and the synthesis of specific porphyrin derivatives is often motivated by the desire to perform similar processes in the test tube. The structurally and biosynthetically related corrins (e.g. vitamin B,j) catalyze alkylations and rearrangements of carbon skeletons via organocobalt intermediates. The biosyntheses of these chromophores are also of topical interest. 

The principal uses for 2-naphthalenol are in the dyes and pigments industries, eg, as a coupling component for azo dyes, and to make important intermediates, such as 3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxyhc acid (BON) (28) and its anilide (naphthol AS), 2-naphtholsulfonic acids, aminonaphtholsulfonic acids, and l-nitroso-2-naphthol/77/-5 /-5(/ (29). 

Naphthalenedicarboxylic Acid. NaphthaUc acid readily dehydrates on heating to 1,8-naphthalenedicarboxyhc acid anhydride [81-84-5] (naphthahc anhydride) (41). The anhydride and its imide naphthaUmide [81-83-4] (R = H) (42) are intermediates for important dyes, pigments, optical bleaches, and biologically active compounds. 

Halogenated and 4,5-halogenated derivatives of 1,8-naphthalenedicarboxyHc acid anhydride are useful intermediates for dyes, pigments, and fluorescent whiteners for polymers. 

For example,%aminophenol, dyes, pigments, chemical intermedi-ates, and solvents. Projected for 1993. 

Uses. (9-Nitrochlorobenzene is used in the synthesis of azo dye intermediates such as o-chloroaniline (Fast YeUow G Base), i9-nitroani1ine (Fast Orange GR Base), o-anisidine (Fast Red BB Base), o-phenetidine, and (9-aminophenol (see Azo dyes). It also is used in corrosion inhibitors, pigments, and agriculture chemicals. -Nitrochlorobenzene is used principally in the production of intermediates for azo and sulfur dyes. Other uses include pharmaceuticals (qv), photochemicals, mbber chemicals (qv), and insecticides (see Insectcontroltechnology). Typical intermediates manufactured from the para isomer are -lutioaruline (Fast Red GC Base), anisidine, -aminophenol, -nitrophenol, -phenylenediamine, 2-chloro-/)-anisidine (Fast Red R Base), 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, and l,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene. 

In the dyestuff industry, anthraquinone still ranks high as an intermediate for the production of dyes and pigments having properties unattainable by any other class of dyes or pigments. Its cost is relatively high and will remain so because of the equipment and operations involved in its manufacture. As of May 1991, anthraquinone sold for 4.4/kg in ton quantities. In the United States and abroad, anthraquinone is manufactured by a few large chemical companies (62). At present, only two processes for its production come into consideration manufacture by the Friedel-Crafts reaction utilizing benzene, phthahc anhydride, and anhydrous aluminum chloride, and by the vapor-phase catalytic oxidation of anthracene the latter method is preferred. 

The other models can be appHed to non-Newtonian materials where time-dependent effects are absent. This situation encompasses many technically important materials from polymer solutions to latices, pigment slurries, and polymer melts. At high shear rates most of these materials tend to a Newtonian viscosity limit. At low shear rates they tend either to a yield point or to a low shear Newtonian limiting viscosity. At intermediate shear rates, the power law or the Casson model is a useful approximation. 

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