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Factors influencing effectiveness

Effectiveness of dispersants is difficult to determine as it is hard to accurately measure both the amount of oil in the water column and the oil remaining on the surface. While these are easier to measure in the laboratory, testing procedures vary greatly and may not always be representative of actual conditions. When testing in the lab, important factors influencing effectiveness, such as sea energy and salinity, must be taken into consideration. Results obtained from laboratory testing do not necessarily reflect what would take place in actual conditions, but should be viewed as a yardstick only. [Pg.132]

Sherman, J. D., and Sounder, W. E. (1996), Factors Influencing Effective Integration in Technical Organizations, in Handbook of Technology Management, G. H. Gaynor, Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York. [Pg.973]

BROWN R c, wooLLiAMS J A and MCANDREW B J (2005) ( Factors influencing effective population size in commercial populations of gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata . Aquaculture, vol. 247, pp. 219-225. [Pg.67]

While increasing intrinsic conductivity in anion exchange membranes is still focus of research, a major factor influencing effective conductivity is carbon dioxide (CO2). In contrast to alkaline fuel cells (AFCs) with liquid KOH electrolyte, in which carbonate precipitation occurs, in alkaline membrane fuel cells there is no place for salt precipitation, since in solid electrolytes there are no free cation species available for precipitation. However, CO2 still affects the alkaline membrane fuel cell general performance by decreasing the effective conductivity of the anion exchange membranes [15-18], as it is indicated below ... [Pg.36]

Factors Influencing Effectiveness of Consequences. Two factors influence the effectiveness of consequences and delayed outcomes ... [Pg.194]

Factors Influencing Centrifugal Sedimentation. The sedimentation velocity of a particle is defined by equations I and 2. Each of the terms therein effects separation. [Pg.401]

Cost-effective control of dust problems arising from bulk materials handling requires an initial examination of the overall handling operations. Factors influencing dust generation and dispersion must be understood in order to achieve a proper design. [Pg.907]

One of the most common ways of expressing the effectiveness of strength or stiffness of a material is as a ratio of either of the quantities to the density, i.e., weight per unit volume. Such an index does not include the cost to achieve a certain strength or stiffness, but cost comparisons are probably not valid by themselves because many factors influence cost beyond raw material cost. [Pg.27]

The effective height of an emission rarely corresponds to tlie physical height of tlie source or the stack. If tlie plume is caught in tlie turbulent wake of tlie stack or of buildings in the vicinity of tlie source or stack, tlie effluent will be mixed rapidl) downward toward the ground. If the plume is emitted free of these turbulent zones, a number of emission factors and meteorological factors influence tlie rise of the plume. [Pg.367]

Many of the spinel-type compounds mentioned above do not have the normal structure in which A are in tetrahedral sites (t) and B are in octahedral sites (o) instead they adopt the inverse spinel structure in which half the B cations occupy the tetrahedral sites whilst the other half of the B cations and all the A cations are distributed on the octahedral sites, i.e. (B)t[AB]o04. The occupancy of the octahedral sites may be random or ordered. Several factors influence whether a given spinel will adopt the normal or inverse structure, including (a) the relative sizes of A and B, (b) the Madelung constants for the normal and inverse structures, (c) ligand-field stabilization energies (p. 1131) of cations on tetrahedral and octahedral sites, and (d) polarization or covalency effects. ... [Pg.248]

Column diameter for a particular service is a function of the physical properties of the vapor and liquid at the tray conditions, efficiency and capacity characteristics of the contacting mechanism (bubble trays, sieve trays, etc.) as represented by velocity effects including entrainment, and the pressure of the operation. Unfortunately the interrelationship of these is not clearly understood. Therefore, diameters are determined by relations correlated by empirical factors. The factors influencing bubble cap and similar devices, sieve tray and perforated plate columns are somewhat different. [Pg.126]

The factors influencing the corrosion of metals in soil are more numerous than those prevailing in air or water, and the electrochemical effects are more pronounced. Moreover, soils vary widely in their composition and behaviour even over very short distances. It is difficult therefore to obtain reliable data. It is evident, however, that zinc has considerable resistance to corrosion when buried, and the greatest attack is caused by soils which are acid or contain large amounts of soluble salts. [Pg.820]

Current density requirements depend on the environment, galvanic effects, velocities and other factors influencing polarisation. In the absence of galvanic influences or other secondary effects 30mA/m may be sufficient in sea-water to maintain adequate polarisation for protection once it has been achieved it is however normally necessary to apply 100-150 mA/m to achieve initial polarisation within a reasonable period and if rapid protection is required, current densities as high as 500 mA/m may be applied. [Pg.221]

In Ugi four-component reactions (for mechanism, see Section 1.4.4.1.) all four components may potentially serve as the stereodifferentiating tool65. However, neither the isocyanide component nor the carboxylic acid have pronounced effects on the overall stereodiscrimination60 66. As a consequence, the factors influencing the stereochemical course of Ugi reactions arc similar to those in Strecker syntheses. The use of chiral aldehydes is commonly found in substrate-controlled syntheses whereas the asymmetric synthesis of new enantiomerically pure compounds via Ugi s method is restricted to the application of optically active amines as the chiral auxiliary group. [Pg.795]

However, the energy difference between N- and S-bonded thiocyanate is very small and is influenced by an interplay of several factors steric effects, solvent and the counter-ion in ionic complexes. To illustrate the last point, in complexes [Pd[Et2N(CH2)2NH(CH2)2NH2]NCS]+, the PFg salt is N-bonded, as it is in the unsolvated BPhg salt. However, though the acetone solvate of the tetraphenylborate is N-bonded, the methanol solvate is S-bonded [126],... [Pg.231]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.242 ]




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