Fuel cycle centers

The United States will probably need three fuel cycle centers. Each would include a reprocessing plant, an advanced fuel fabrication facility, and a waste glassification and storage facility. 

The isotope burns out in the closed fuel cycle of a fast reactor, while plutonium is an integral and inseparable part of fuel (a catalyst for burning) and stays at all times incorporated in highly active materials. The international fuel cycle centers are expected to provide services to nuclear power complexes with fast reactors of the proposed type by producing only the first-core fuel and the makeup fuel, required for bringing NPPs into service, till the fuel cycle is closed. For the rest of the time, the plants will rely for their operation on the fuel they will breed, and will be independent from the foreign fuel suppliers. 

Fissile return to fuel cycle center (Fissile self sufficient Heat Source Reactors)... 

THE STAR CONCEPT A HIERARCHICAL HUB-SPOKE NUCLEAR ARCHITECTURE BASED ON LONG REFUELING INTERVAL BATTERY REACTORS AND REGIONAL FUEL CYCLE CENTERS... 

Wang, M. Q. 1999. "GREET 1.5—Transportation Fuel-Cycle Model 1 Methodology, Development, Use and Results, Report No. ANL/ESD-40." Center for Transportation... 

Schuller, W., et al. Nuclear Reprocessing and Waste Treatment at Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center, Proceedings of Nuclear Power and Its Fuel Cycle, vol. 3, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vietma, 1977, p. 579. 

Wang, M., 2001, Development and Use of GREET 1.6 Fuel-Cycle Model for Transportation Fuels and Vehicle Technologies, ANE/ESD/TM-163, Center for Transportation Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, 111., June. 

Interest now is centered on the thorium cycle (23) and laboratory studies have continued to investigate both an adaptation of the Thorex process to CANDU fuel and the application of the amine process to recovering uranium-233 from irradiated thorium. The program to develop and fully demonstrate the thorium fuel cycle has been outlined, and would require about 25 years to complete. However, the current research level will not be expanded until a decision can be taken by the Canadian Government when the information from the current International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation has been assessed. 

Wang M Q (1999a), GREET 1.5 — Transportation Fuel-Cycle Model, Methodology, Development, Use, and Results, ANL/ESD-39. Vol. 1, Argonne, Illinois Center for Transportation Research Argonne National Laboratory. 

Abstract Whereas much attention has been paid to the environmental aspects of the life cycle of fuel cell fuel production, emphasis is placed on fuel cell hardware and materials recovery, including component reuse, remanufacturing, materials recycling and energy recovery for fuel cell maintenance and retirement processes. Fuel cell hardware recycling is described and issues related to the recycling infrastructure and the compatibihty of fuel cell hardware and materials are discussed. The role of materials selection and recovery in the fuel cell hfe cycle is described. Future trends for fuel cells centered on voluntary and mandatory recovery and the movement of life cycle considerations from computational research laboratories to design complete the discussion. 

L. F. Wang, C. Saricks, andD. Santini, Effects of Fuel Ethanol Use on Fuel-Cycle Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Center for Transportation Research Argonne National Laboratory United States Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 1999. 

From the beginnings of ecology as a discipline, the mining industry has been at the center of the battle over preservation versus exploitation. As discussed in the introduction to this chapter, human activities such as mining, power production from fossil fuels and discharges of industrial and municipal wastes not only increase the rate at which metals enter the biosphere but may also drastically alter the speciation of metals from what it would be in the undisturbed geologic cycle. 

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