F Ionic Liquids

Li, Y.L., Gross, M.L. and Hsu, F.F., Ionic-liquid matrices for improved analysis of phospholipids by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, J Am Soc Mass Spectrom, 16 (2005)... 

Hasib-ur-Rahman M, Siaj M, Larachi F Ionic liquids for CO2 capture—development and progress, Chem Eng Process 49 313—322, 2010. 

Another ionic liquid, containing a nonyl-rather than a butyl-side chain, is shown in Figure 4.2-2. There is little difference between the basic structures of these two ion-pairs (Figures 4.2-1 and 4.2-2) with respect to the non-bonded interactions (hydrogen bonds) occurring between the F atoms on the anion and the C-H moieties on the imidazolium cation. 

Ionic liquid -i- Products -1- unreacted (f) Extraction with scC02 19... 

To pursue the development of environmentally benign synthesis routes for ionic liquids, the alkylation step (Menschutkin reaction) was investigated by the authors in detail. The preparation of the ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methyhmidazohum chloride ([CeMlMJCl) was taken as a representative experiment (Scheme 7.2). The process parameters temperature (T = 70-100°C), solvent (ethanol, xylene, cyclohexane, n-heptane, solvent free), concentration of the N-base (c = 1.6-6.7 M), molar ratio n n = 1 0.5-1 4) and reaction time (f = 10-144 h) were investigated. In addition, the N-base was altered in order to proof the transferability of the reaction parameters. 

Gruttadauria, M., Riela, S., Lo Meo, P., D Anna, F., Noto, R. (2004) Supported Ionic Liquid Asymmetric Catalysis A New Method for Chiral Catalysts Recycling, the Case of ProUne-Catalysed Aldol Reaction. Tetrahedon Letters, 45(32), 6113-6116. 

Diedenhofen, M., Eckert, F., Mamt, A. Prediction of infinite dilution activity coefficients of organic compounds in ionic liquids using COSMO-RS. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2003, 48, 475 79. 

Endres, F., Ahhott, A.P., and MacFarlane, D.R. (eds) (2008) Electrodeposition from Ionic Liquids, Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim. 

Flou X, Zhou F, Sun Y, Liu W (2007) Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of dentritic ZnO nanostructure in ionic liquid. Mater Lett 61 1789-1792... 

Oliveira, F.C.C.Theuse of ionic liquids in the synthesis of nanostructured magnetic materials (translated from Portuguese), thesis, Universidade de Brasilia. (2010). 

Dupont, J., de Souza, R.F. and Suarez, P.A.Z. (2002) Ionic liquid (molten salt) phase organometallic catalysis. Chemical Reviews, 102 (10), 3667-3691. 

Cao, S.W., Zhu, Y.J., Cheng, G.F. and Huang, Y.H. (2009) ZnFe204 nanopartides microwave—hydrothermal ionic liquid synthesis and photocatalytic property over phenol. Journal of Hazardous materials, 171 (1—3), 431—435. 

Dupont, J., Fonseca, G.S., Umpierre, A.P., Fichtner, P.F.P. and Teixeira, S.R. (2002) Transition-metal nanopartides in imidazolium ionic liquids recycable catalysts for biphasic hydrogenation reactions. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 124 (16), 4228—4229. 

Capacitors made of high-surface carbon with PVdF-co-HFP as a binder and filled with neat ionic liquids, without any molecular solvent, show high specific capacity, up to 180 F/g [13],... 

Table 7. Specific capacities of activated carbon interface with ionic liquids f 3]...

L A. Blanchard, D. Hancu, E. J. Beckman, J. F. Brennecke, Green Processing Using Ionic Liquids and COf, Nature 1999,399,28-29. 

H. F. Yang, C. S. Shan, F.H. Li, D.X. Han, Q. X. Zhang, L. Niu, Covalent functionalization of polydisperse chemically-converted graphene sheets with amine-terminated ionic liquid, Chemical Communications, vol. 26, pp. 3880-3882, 2009. 

Lei, B.-X. Fang, W.-J. Hou, Y.-F. Liao, J.-Y. Kuang, D.-B. Su, C.-Y., All-solid-state electrolytes consisting of ionic liquid and carbon black for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. 

Cull, S. G. Holbrey, J. D. Vargas-Mora, V. et al. Room-temperature ionic liquids as replacements for organic solvents in multiphase bioprocess operations, BiotechnoL Bioeng., 2000, 69(2), 227-233 Lau, R. M. van Rantwijk, F. Seddon, K. R. Sheldon, R. A. Lipase-catalyzed reactions in ionic liquids, Org. Lett., 2000, 2(26), 4189-4191. 

Qin, W, and Li, S. F. Y. (2002). An ionic liquid coating for determination of sildenafil and UK-103,320 in human serum by capillary zone electrophoresis-ion trap mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 23, 4110—4116. 

Webb, P.B.and Sellin, M.F. and Kimene, T.E. and Williamson, S. and Slawin, A.M.Z. and Cole-Hamilton, D.J. (2003). Continuous Flow Hydroformylation of Alkenes in Supercritical Fluid-Ionic Liquid Biphasic System. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 15577-15588. 

The achiral ionic liquid [bmim][BF ] was able to catalyze the three component reaction of benzaldehyde, aniline and homophthalic anhydride in 90% yield. Next to the major ciT-isomer, 10% tran.f-isomer was isolated after 3 h (Scheme 74) [196]. Control reactions in CH Cl with 10 mol% [bmim][BF ] and without catalyst showed that in the presence of the ionic hquid a high conversion in a short time was observed. Application of polar solvents like methanol or acetonitrile made it necessary to increase the reaction temperature to 70-80 °C, and the product was obtained in only 45-60% yield in a prolonged reaction time of 8-15 h. Further control reactions with [nBu NllCl] or [bmim] [Cl] showed that the anion played a comparable important role as the cation, since no product was formed. The author could demonstrate the generality of the reaction by the application of a broad variety of benzaldehyde and anihne derivatives. 

In 2006, Xu and Xia et al. revealed the catalytic activity of commercially available D-camphorsulfonic acid (CS A) in the enantioselective Michael-type Friedel-Crafts addition of indoles 29 to chalcones 180 attaining moderate enantiomeric excess (75-96%, 0-37% ee) for the corresponding p-indolyl ketones 181 (Scheme 76) [95], This constitutes the first report on the stereoselectivity of o-CSA-mediated transformations. In the course of their studies, the authors discovered a synergistic effect between the ionic liquid BmimBr (l-butyl-3-methyl-l/f-imidazohum bromide) and d-CSA. For a range of indoles 29 and chalcone derivatives 180, the preformed BmimBr-CSA complex (24 mol%) gave improved asymmetric induction compared to d-CSA (5 mol%) alone, along with similar or slightly better yields of P-indolyl ketones 181 (74-96%, 13-58% ee). The authors attribute the beneficial effect of the BmimBr-D-CSA combination to the catalytic Lewis acid activation of Brpnsted acids (LBA). Notably, the direct addition of BmimBr to the reaction mixture of indole, chalcone, d-CSA in acetonitrile did not influence the catalytic efficiency. 

Gui JZ, Liu D, Wang C, Lu F, Lian JZ, Jiang H, Sun ZL (2009) One-Pot Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(lH)-ones Catalyzed by Acidic Ionic Liquids Under Solvent-Free Conditions. Synth Commun 39 3436-3443... 

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