Extraction ginger extracts

Essentia.1 Oils. Essential oils (qv) are extracted from the flower, leaf, bark, fmit peel, or root of a plant to produce flavors such as mint, lemon, orange, clove, cinnamon, and ginger. These volatile oils are removed from plants either via steam distillation, or using the cold press method, which avoids heat degradation. Additional processing is sometimes employed to remove the unwanted elements from the oils, such as the terpenes in citms oils which are vulnerable to oxidation (49,50). 

Elavored carbonated beverages, or soft drinks, were developed by apothecaries and chemists in the early nineteenth century by the addition of flavored symps to fountain-dispensed carbonated water. The introduction of proprietary flavors began in the late 1880s. Charles H. Hires introduced his root beer extract in 1876, Vemors s Ginger Ale was marketed by James Vernor in 1880, R. S. La2enby perfected the formula for Dr. Pepper in 1885, and John S. Pemberton developed the formula for Coca-Cola in 1886. Brad s Drink was introduced in 1896 and was later renamed Pepsi-Cola in 1898. 

Oleo Resins. These oily residues, obtained from the solvent extraction of herbs, contain more of the characteristic flavors than do the essential oils. The solvent extraction removes nearly all of the flavor bodies from the herb. The extract solvent is distilled, reduciag the solution to an oily residue. Oleo resias of iaterest to the carbonated beverage iadustry are ginger, celery, and black pepper. 

NAVEENA B M, MENDIRATA s K and ANJANEYULU A s R (2001) Quality of smoked spent hen meat treated with ginger extract , JAgric Food Chem, 49 (5) 522-4. 

The thiocyanate method involves measurement of the peroxide value using linoleic acid as substrate and has also been widely used to measure the antioxidant activity in plant-based foods such as ginger extracts (Kikuzaki and Nakatani 1993), fruit peels (Larrauri and others 1996 1997), extracts from vegetable by-products (Larrosa and others 2002 Llorach and others 2003 Abas and others 2006 Peschel and others 2006), blueberry juice, wines, and vinegars (Su and Chien 2007). 

Curcumin (E100). Curcumin is obtained from the spice turmeric, which comes from the plant Curcuma longa, of the ginger family. Curcumin is obtained by extraction from the plant to give a deodorised product. 

A plant extractive consisting of the essential oil and the flavorful, non-volatile principals of the plant. The latter are frequently pungent, biting or heat bearing materials, e.g. ginger oleoresin. 

A ginger oil is produced from the steam distillation of dried root, and used in beverages, candies, and perfumes. Ginger oleoresin, or solvent extract, is now used as a flavoring agent as well. 

Platelet Inhibition Ginger extract has been found to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, epinephrine, ADP, and collagen (Srivastava 1984). The extract s ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase activity and thromboxane levels correlated well with inhibition of platelet aggregation (Srivastava 1984 Mustafa et al. 1993). The type of preparation used also affects platelet inhibition, because roasted and charcoal of ginger were effective, while ether extracts of raw and dried ginger were not (Wu et al. 1993). 

Ginger extracts (acetone, 50% ethanolic and aqueous) were investigated for antiemetic activity in dogs (Sharma et al. 1997). Emesis was induced by 3 mg/kg cisplatin (a 100% emetic dose IV) in healthy mongrel... 

Srivastava KC. (1984). Aqueous extracts of onion, garlic and ginger inhibit platelet aggregation and alter arachidonic acid metabolism. Biomed Biochim Acta. 43(8-9) S335-46. 

A standardized ginger extract (22% gingerols) was tested in H. pylori-infected Mongolian gerbil, to examine the effects of the extract on both... 

Antidiarrheal activity. Decoction of the dried rhizome, taken orally hy children, was active. Infantile diarrhea was treated with kexieding capsule composed of 5 plant materials, including roasted ginger, clove, and fruit peel of Punica granatum. Of the 234 infants and 71 children treated, 281 (92%) were cured in 1-3 days and 9 (3%) were significantly improved. The total effective rate was 95% . Water extract of the dried rhizome, administered hy gastric intubation to mice at a dose of 0.5 mg/g, was active vs castor oil-induced diarrhea . 

Antioxidant effect. Alcohol (50%) extract of the ginger produced significant effect on enzymatic lipid peroxidation. The extract dose-dependently inhibited oxidation of fatty acid and linoleic acid in the presence... 

Anti-rheumatic effect. Ginger oil, administered orally at a dose of 33 mg/kg to male Sprague-Dawley rats with arthritis induced in the knee and paw by injecting 0.05 mL of fine suspension of dead Mycobacterium tu-berculosis bacilli in liquid paraffin (5 mg/mL, produced a significant suppression of both paw and joint swelling . Hot water extract of the dried rhizome, administered intragastrically to female mice at a dose of 20 mg/mL, was active in influenza virus-infected animals . 

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