Extraction from muscle

The muscle fibrils are embedded in sarcoplasm, each individual fibril showing the banding pattern of the whole fiber (Bowman, 1840). Myosin could be extracted from muscle with strong salt solutions. From the altered appearance of the bands after extraction it was suggested that this protein was a major component of the A bands (Kuhne,1864 Danilewsky, 1881). The localization of myosin in the A bands and of actin in the I bands was convincingly shown by Jean Hanson and Hugh Huxley (1954-1955) in electron micrographs of transected fibers and confirmed after selective extraction to remove myosin (Hasselbach, 1953 Hanson and H.E. Huxley, 1953-1955). 

Selenium Speciation in Edible Animal Tissues Reports on Se specia-tion analysis in edible animal tissues have been scarce. Speciation analysis of Se in cod muscle tissue was performed by separating the species using both RP- and SE-HPLC prior to ICP-MS detection. The main Se compound found in enzymatic hydrolysates was selenomethionine [42], This selenocompound was absent in MeOHDHCl extracts, indicating that Se was mainly incorporated into proteins. A number of unidentiFed Se species were also detected in cod muscle tissue, the separated Se compounds being quantised on-line by post-column isotope dilution [42], Soluble Se compounds extracted from muscles of chicken, turkey, duck, ostrich, lamb, cattle, and pig were separated by SEC with ICP-MS detection. Four peaks were observed, but distribution of Se among these peaks varied considerably in tissues from different animal species [86]. 

The lactic acid (p. 121) that is extracted from muscle tissue rotates light to the right, and hence is known as dextrorotatory lactic acid, or ( i )-Iactic acid. The 2-methyl-1-butanol thai is obtained from fusel oil (a by-product of the fermentation of starch to ethyl alcohol) rotates light to the left, and is known as levorotatory 2-melhyl-l-butanol, or ( — )-2-mcthyl-l-butanol. 

Derivation Extracted from muscle tissue phosphorylation of adenosine. 

The same results were found when DNA extracted from muscle was tested (Fig. 10). 

Fig. 10 Bovine DNA extracted from muscle, treated by thermal denaturation with blocking oligonucleotides. 1 Commercial bovine genomic DNA 5 ppm (n = 4) 2 Real sample (bovine genomic DNA) 5 ppm ( = 4) 3 Real sample (bovine genomic DNA) 10 ppm ( = 5) 4 Real sample (bovine genomic DNA) 20 ppm ( = 5) 5 Porcine genomic DNA 5 ppm 6 Porcine genomic DNA 10 ppm 7 Porcine genomic DNA 20 ppm 8 Blank solution...

Lipid Extraction from Muscle Tissues 3. 1. LIPID EXTRACTION FROM BEEF AND POULTRY MUSCLE... 

Many investigators have shown that nonspecific reagents as diverse as calcium phosphate gel, EDTA, histidine, and nonspecific proteins activate succinoxidase preparations in otherwise unfavorable environments. The mechanism of the activation is not established, but it has been repeatedly suggested that the activators in some manner influence the steric orientation of components of the particulate succinoxidase. Another component of electron-transport systems has been implicated by Nason and Lehman. DPNH oxidation by a particulate fraction of rat muscle was found to be decreased by extraction of 10 per cent of the lipid with isooctane the activity was restored by addition of a-tocopherol (vitamin E) or the lipid extracted from muscle or bovine serum albumin. These lipids are able to reverse the inhibition of cytochrome c reduction caused by antimycin A. It has not been determined whether the tocoph-... 

Figure 15 shows the temperature dependence of the piezoelectric ooostani d for Psoas muscle with a few percent water content 27]. Tbe decieaae of d above (fC should be due to the conductivity of adsorbed water. The oriented fUnis of myosin and of actin extracted from muscle showed similar behavior [28]. 

Embden obtained a cell-free extract from muscle capable of forming lactic acid from hexosediphosphate, Jactacidogen. Later, he found that normal muscle contains no hexosediphosphate, but only a monophosphate, which is subsequently converted into diphosphate. 

Flubendiamide is an example of a new chemical class of insecticides that have been termed phthalic acid diamides (Nauen 2006, Copping and Duke 2007). They are related to the alkaloid ryanodine, which is extracted from Ryania species. Ryanodine affects muscles by binding to calcium channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca + ions act as intracellular messengers, and their flux is modulated by calcium channels of this type. The toxic action of ryanodine and synthetic insecticides related to it is due to the disturbance of calcium flux. 

Sea urchin toxins extracted from spines or pedicellariae have a variety of pharmacological actions, including electrophysiological ones (75). Dialyzable toxins from Diadema caused a dose-dependent increase in the miniature end-plate potential frequency of frog sartorius muscle without influencing membrane potential (76). A toxin from the sea urchin Toxopneustes pUeolus causes a dose-dependent release of histamine (67). Toxic proteins from the same species also cause smooth muscle contracture in guinea pig ileum and uterus, and are cardiotoxic (77). 

On-line dialysis also separates the analyte from tissue matrix based upon molecular size, but in this case, the sample extract is passed over a membrane filter through which the analyte (and other low molecular weight compounds) is diffused into a second solvent on the other side of the membrane filter. Usually, the second solvent is then concentrated on to an SPE column to minimize the dilution effect that is caused by the dialysis process. Agasoester used on-line dialysis to separate oxytetracycline from muscle, liver, milk, and egg tissue matrix components. A problem encountered with on-line dialysis is the inability of analyte molecules that are bound to proteins in the sample extract to pass through the membrane filter. Problems with membrane clogging are reduced with on-line dialysis compared with ultrafiltration because no external force is being applied to bring the analyte across the membrane filter. 

Calixto JB, Yunes RA, Rae GA. Effect of crude extracts from Leonotis nepetaefolia (Labiatae) on rat and guinea-pig smooth muscle and rat cardiac muscle. J Pharm Pharmacol 1991 43 529-534. 

In individuals who took thyroid hormones, 80% of the weight lost was lean body mass (muscle and bone) rather than excess fat. People taking these extracts experienced muscle weakness and bone breakdown, which led to a condition called osteoporosis, in which bones are weakened and the risk of bone fractures or breaks is increased. Thyroid hormone extracts also made the heart work harder by increasing metabolism, which led to problems such as increased heart rate, palpitations, and irregular heartbeat. These problems were potentially life threatening When the heart beats abnormally (or not at all), it is unable to pump blood and oxygen to the brain and body. Individuals die suddenly from this condition because the brain can only function for a few minutes without oxygen and nutrients. 

Digitalis (extracted from foxglove) was known to stimulate heart muscle and, hence, was used to treat various heart conditions. 

Glutamine is exported from the muscle and extracted from blood mainly by the kidneys or the gut hepatic uptake of glutamine is relatively low in comparison. In the renal tubular cells, glutamine is deaminated in the processes of urinary acidification (see Figure 8.11) or used by the intestinal cells as a fuel. 

Digitalis Extracted from a plant called foxglove, digitalis stimulates the cardiac muscles and was used to treat cardiac conditions. 

Barsby RW, Saian U, Knight DW, Houit JR. (1993). Feverfew and vascular smooth muscle extracts from fresh and dried piants show opposing pharmacoiogical profiles, dependent upon sesquiterpene iactone content. Planta Med. 59(1) 20-25. 

The existence of two forms of phosphorylase with different catalytic activities, which were capable of being enzymatically interconverted, suggested that the two forms might be involved in regulation of glycogenolysis in muscle tissue. However, in the early studies, whenever phosphorylase was assayed in extracts of muscle it was always found to be in the a form. This was the case even in extracts prepared from... 

Table 9.6 Flux through Krebs cycle as calculated from the maximum catalytic activity of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, measured in extracts of muscle, and from oxygen consumption by muscles working maximally...

The fermentation broth of an unidentified endophytic fungus isolated from plants growing in Hawaii has afforded microcarpalide I (59), an alkyl-substituted nonenolide that is weakly cytotoxic as a result of its ability to disrupt microfilaments. Extracts from the strain 112/13 collected from the bark oiFicus microcarpa L. (Moraceae) demonstrated a strong abrogation of microfilament activity. In A-10 rat smooth muscle cells, a 5 Xg/mL dose was able to induce a 50%—75% loss of actin filaments. Microcarpalide 1... 

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