Extractants commercial

Pectin, which occurs in most plants as the glue which binds the cells together, is extracted commercially from citms peel and has been extracted from apple pomace. It is suggested for many no-fat products including sauces, desserts, and dressings. 

In the 1840s, America s first petroleum reservoir was discovered in Tarentum, Pennsylvania. By the late 1850s, lubricants and kerosene were being extracted commercially from crude oil. 

Lipid-soluble food grade copper chlorophyll is manufactured similarly by extraction of adequate plant material, followed by replacement of magnesium by copper, and purihcation steps to remove carotenoids, waxes, sterols, oils, and other minor components that are co-extracted. Commercial copper chlorophylls may vary physically, ranging from viscous resins to fluid dilutions in edible oils as well as granulated forms and emulsions standardized with edible vegetable oil. Colors may vary... 

Anthocyanins are extracted commercially using either acidified water or alcohol. The extract is then vacuum evaporated to produce a commercial colour concentrate. The raw materials can be blackcurrants, hibiscus, elderberry, red cabbage or black grape skins. The most commonly used commercially are black grape skins, which can be obtained as a by-product. 

Among other metals extracted commercially by D2EHPA, indium and thallium may be mentioned. Indium is recovered as a byproduct of copper smelting at Cerro del Pasco in Peru,140 while indium and thallium are both recovered by solvent extraction on zinc plants in the USSR.141 The extraction of indium(III) is reported to follow the stoichiometry... 

Fresh Citrus Juice. Freshly extracted commercial orange juice may contain a high peel oil content making sensory evaluation of this product very difficult because of the overriding, biting and even bitter flavor effect of the peel oil. This is one of the reasons why in certain plants, minimal attention is paid to the flavor quality of the juice until the product is standardized either in retail or bulk form (2). 

The rauwolfia alkaloids are now hardly ever prescribed in the UK, either as antihypertensives or as tranquillizers. Over a period of a few years, they have been rapidly superseded by synthetic alternatives. Reserpine has also been suggested to play a role in the promotion of breast cancers. Both ajmalicine (= raubasine) (Figure 6.76) and ajmaline (Figure 6.82) are used clinically in Europe, though not in the UK. Ajmalicine is employed as an antihypertensive, whilst ajmaline is of value in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Ajmalicine is also extracted commercially from Catharanthus roseus (see page 357). 

Phenols are extracted commercially from coal tar into aqueous base as the phenolate ions. The major commercial use of phenol is in the manufacture of phenolic resin polymers, usually with formaldehyde. Phenols and cresols are used as antiseptics and disinfectants in areas such as bams where the phenol odor can be tolerated. Phenol was the original antiseptic used on wounds and in surgery, starting with the work of Lord Lister in 1885. 

Annatto Extracts occur as dark red solutions, emulsions, or suspensions in water or oil or as dark red powders. The extract is prepared from annatto seed, Bixa orellana L. (Fam. Bixa-ceae), using a food-grade extraction solvent. Bixin is the principal pigment of oil-soluble Annatto Extracts. Norbixin is the principal pigment of alkaline water-soluble Annatto Extracts. Commercial preparations are usually mixtures of bixin, norbixin, and other carotenoids. 

Crude palm oil extracted commercially from the fresh fruit bunches contains a small but variable amount of undesirable components and impurities. These include some mesocarp fibers, moismre and insolubles, free fatty acids, phos-phohpids,... 

Direct solvent extraction is the most widely used oil-recovery method for soybeans, but it also requires considerable capital and large scale to compete. In actual practice, solvent extraction is used to crush over 98% of the soybean processed in the United States. Process flow diagrams are shown in Figures 3 and 4. Most soybean solvent-extraction plants process more than 2,500 MT/day (Figure 5), and some are capable of processing as much as 5,000 MT/day (especially newly constructed plants in Brazil). Direct-solvent-extraction plants smaller than 1,000 MT/day have difficulty competing in the United States. At various times, soybeans have been extracted commercially with petroleum distillate fractions that resemble gasoline, acetone, carbon disulfide, ethanol, trichloroethylene, and even water. 

Component Crude Extruded-Expeiied Crude Solvent-Extracted Commercial RBD... 

Induction of ovulation in mares may be stimulated by the administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This has physiological actions similar to LH but differs structurally in both protein and carbohydrate content. It is produced by the human placenta and is extracted commercially from the urine of pregnant women. hCG may be administered to mares in the transitional period to stimulate ovulation. A dose of 3300 lU administered to mares with a follicle of >40 mm in diameter and signs of estrus that have been present for more than 3 days hastens the first ovulation of the season by approximately 1 week compared with control mares (Ball 2000a). In some states of the USA, hCG is a controlled substance that requires a special license for purchase and use. 

Here a distinction must be made between those substances which are already extracted commercially in profitable extraction processes (Table I (Quirin, K.-W. Gerard, D., FLAVEX Naturextrakt GmbH, Rehlingen, personal communication, 1988)) and those substances which are at present still obtained by conventional methods, e.g. commodities such as seed oils. 

Figure 9.56 HPLC chromatogram of the purified fraction obtained by extracting commercially available BisGMA with supercritical carbon dioxide (1) 1-chloro-isopropanol methacrylate (2) BisGMA and (3) diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A.

Pectin is extracted commercially from citrus peel (lemon, lime and grapefruit) and apple pomace.1,2 The food industry is the most important field of application of extracted pectin. Pectins from different sources are widely used to stabilize food emulsions and dispersions in products such as fruit drinks, and fruit and tomato pastes.3 Pectin can form gels under certain circumstances and it... 

D, for soybean oil during the initial period or its extraction from soybeens with hexane is around 1.0 x 10 10 m2/s but drops off to 0,12-0.2 times that value at the end of extraction.13 Both initial and final D, values for cottonseed and flaxseed are roughly only 0.1 times as large as the corresponding initial and final values for soybeans and the extraction times required when these oils are extracted commercially is considerably longer than that for soybeans. 

Uzara extract (commercially available) (ethanolic extracts, 30 d)... 

Sugar is also extracted commercially from certain species of palm, from the sugar maple and from sweet sorghum. Lime is used to purify the extracts before evaporation. 

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