Extracellular matrix chitosan

Others (eg, decellularized extracellular matrix, chitosan, gelatin) Synthetic Polymers (Nonenzymatic Degradation)... 

Galactosylated chitosan prepared from lactobionic acid and chitosan with l-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimideand N-hydroxysuccinimide was a good extracellular matrix for hepatocyte attachment [155] (Fig. 4). Furthermore, graft copolymers of galactosylated chitosan with poly(ethylene glycol) or poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) were useful for hepatocyte-targeting DNA carrier [156,157]. 

Chitosan freeze-dried fleeces support chondrocyte attachment and synthesis of extracellular matrix [344]. Chitosan was used to assist the spontaneous tissue repair of the meniscus [345]. The repair of the cartilage and the prevention of its degradation in osteoarthritis is, however, possible with the association of glucosamine sulfate salt and chondroitine sulfate, the latter being particularly effective [346]. 

CMC (HMW)/ Chondroitin Sulfate A Chitosan CMC oilers water retention, CSA is the extracellular matrix component 17... 

Scaffolds can be made from natural or synthetic materials. Such materials fall under the category of biomaterials. A biomaterial can be considered a single element or compound, which is a composite or mixture of elements, and is synthesized or derived to be used in the body to preserve, restore, or augment the structure or function of the body. Examples of natural materials for scaffold construction are extracellular matrix, collagen, fibrin, and polysaccharides (e.g., chitosan or glycosaminoglycans). Natural materials, unless they are obtained from the patient who receives the neo-organ implant, will cause an immunogenic response. This is not always the case with synthetic materials. 

Seo SJ, Choi YJ, Akaike T, Higuchi A, Cho CS (2006) Alginate/galactosylated chitosan/hep-arin scaffold as a new synthetic extracellular matrix for hepatocytes. Tissue Eng 12(1) 33 4... 

In an attempt to improve the selectivity of local dopamine measurements in the complex extracellular matrix of brain fluid, an implantable enzyme-based dopamine microbiosensor has been constructed based on the immobilization of tyrosinase in a thin-film chitosan coating of carbon-fiber disc microelectrodes [357]. o-Dopaquinone, which is the product of the tyrosinase reaction with dopamine, was monitored via its reduction at the modified microelectrode surface. The application of these cathodic tyrosinase dopamine microbiosensors was reported for the continuous real-time in vivo visualization of electrically stimulated dopamine release in the brain of anesthetized laboratory rats. Remarkably, due to the cathodic potential the sensor response was not significantly disturbed by the presence of typical interferences such as ascorbic and uric acid, serotonin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. 

Chen F et al (2008) Electrospun chitosan-P(LLA-CL) nanofibers for biomimetic extracellular matrix. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 19(5) 677-691... 

Lahiji, A., Sohrabi, A., Hungerford, D.S., and Frondoza, C.G. 2000. Chitosan supports the expression of extracellular matrix proteins in human osteoblasts and chondrocytes. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 51, 586-595. 

Chitosan and its amino acid derivatives (poly D, L-lactic acid) have been explored as an extracellular matrix-like surface to promote cell adhesion and growth [229]. Four kinds of chitosan-amino acid derivatives were prepared to minimize the carbohydrate moieties of cell matrix glycoproteins. 

Park et al. [102] designed an injectable cell delivery chitosan-Pluronic hydrogel for articular cartilage regeneration. The chitosan-Pluronic solution underwent a sol-gel transition at around 25 °C. The chitosan-Pluronic hydrogel showed effective chondrocyte proliferation and promoted extracellular matrix expression compared with alginate hydrogel. 

Park IK, Yang J, Jeong HW et al (2003) Galactosylated chitosan as a synthetic extracellular matrix for hepatocytes attachment. Biomaterials 24 2331-2337... 

Potential applications of scaffolds made from chitosan and chitin nanofibers have been explored in tissue engineering. Chitin and chitosan can be electrospun into nanoscaffolds that could resemble the native extracellular matrix and have improved cytocompatibility for tissue engineering... 

Many natural hydrogels are known to be constituents of the extracellular matrix, mucin, glycocalix and so on. Jelly is a well-known example of the use of hydrogels in food. Hydrogels can be obtained from many hydrophilic polymers, either natural (e.g. cellulose, dextran, alginate, hyaltuonic acid, chitosan, pectin) or synthetic (e.g. poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), PEG, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), PHEMA, polyacrylamides). 

---