Expressions of solubility

The solubility of a solute in a solvent can be expressed quantitatively in several ways (see Chapters, section 3.1). Other less-specific forms of noting solubility include parts per parts of solvent (for example, parts per million, ppm). The British Pharmacopoeia and other chemical and pharmaceutical compendia frequently use this form and also the 

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J. S. Lloyd, R. Finch, H. Dalton, J. C. Murrell (1999) Homologous expression of soluble methane monooxygenase genes in Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. Microbiology, 145 461-470... 

Davis, S. J., Greene, A., LuUau, E. and Abbott, W. M. (1993). Expression of soluble recombinant glycoproteins with predefined glycosylation appUcation to the crystallization of the T-cell glycoprotein CD2. Protein Eng. 6, 229-232. 

Phelps, P. A., Agarwal, S. K., Speitel, G. E., Jr Georgiou, G. (1992). Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b mutants having constitutive expression of soluble methane monooxygenase in the presence of high levels of copper. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58, 3701-8. 

Phage display vector Promoter Secretion Antibody format used C-domains ir vector Sites heavy chali Sites light chain Tags gill Expression of soluble Ab Reference... 

Screening for the Expression of Soluble Recombinant Protein in Escherichia coli... 

KD Pryor, B Leiting. High-level expression of soluble protein in Escherichia coli using a His6-tag and maltose-binding protein double-affinity fusion system. Prot Expr Purif 10 309-319, 1997. 

Hunger, R. E., Carnaud, C., Garcia, I., Vassalli, P. and Mueller, C. (1997). Prevention of autoimmune diabetes mellitus in NOD mice by transgenic expression of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor p55. Eur. J. Immunol. 27, 255-261. 

Mohorcic M, Bencina M, Friedrich J et al (2009) Expression of soluble versatile peroxidase of Bjerkandera adusta in Escherichia coli. Bioresour Technol 100 851-858... 

Baba, T., Nishihara, M., Mizuno, K., Kawasaki, T., Shimada, H., Kobayashi, E., Ohnishi, S Tanaka, K., and Arai, Y. 1993. Identification, cDNA cloning and gene expression of soluble starch synthase in rice (Oryza sativa L.) immature seeds. Plant Physiol. 103, 565-573. 

Complement C3 is upregulated in APP/TGF-pl biogenic mice and AD brains (Wyss-Coray et al., 2001). Over-expression of soluble complement receptor-related protein y (sCrry), a complement C3 inhibitor, resulted in enhanced Ap accumulation and hippocampal degeneration (Wyss-Coray et al., 2002). Since C3 is known to promote phagocytosis by bincUng to specific C3 receptor on specialized cells, C3 is likely to be positively involved in Ap clearance. 

Definitions of solubility, modes of expression of solubility and means of estimating solubility from the surface area of molecules were some of the key subjects discussed in this chapter. 

Burgunder J-M, Cheung PT (1994) Expression of soluble guanylyl cyclase gene in adult rat brain. Eur. J. 

The P. past oris expression system produced high yields of secreted protein. The recombinant protein represents the majority of the protein supernatant without further purification. The E. coli expression system was found to be unsuitable for expression of soluble and active ferulic acid esterase from a fungal source. 

Buechler, W. A., Nakane, M., and Murad, F. (1991). Expression of soluble guanylate cyclase activity requires both enzyme subunits. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 174, 351-357. 

MacDonald LM, Armson A, Thompson RCA et al. Characterizadon of htetors favouring the expression of soluble protozoan tubulin proteins in Escherichia coli. Protdn Expr Putif 2003 29 117-122. 

CICEK,M., ESEN, A., Expression of soluble and catalytically active plant (monocot) beta-glucosidases in E. coli, Biotechnol Bioeng., 1999,63, 392-400. 

The solubility of a substance can change considerably in response to a number of factors. For example, the solubilities of hydroxide salts, like Mg(OH)2, are dependent upon the pH of the solution. The solubility is also affected by concentrations of other ions in solution, especially common ions. In other words, the numeric value of the solubility of a given solute can and does change as the other species in solution change. In contrast, the solubility-product constant, fQp, has only one value for a given solute at any specific temperature. FIGURE 17.16 summarizes the relationships among various expressions of solubility and K. ... 

Many equations have been proposed for the correlation and prediction of solubility data. Some are better than others, but none has been found to be of general applicability. In any case, an experimentally determined solubility is undoubtedly preferred to an estimated value, particularly in systems that may contain impurities. Nevertheless, there is frequently a need for a simple mathematical expression of solubility to assist the recording and correlation of data. 

In principle it is possible to use ffie Kgp value of a salt to calculate solubility rmder a variety of conditions. In practice, great care must be taken in doing so for the reasons indicated in "A Closer Look" on the limitations of solubility products in Section 17.5. Agreement between measured solubility and that calculated from Kgp is usually best for salts whose ions have low charges (1+ and 1—) and do not hydrolyze. Figure 17.14 summarizes the relationships among various expressions of solubility and Kgp. 

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