Exposure to Chemical Warfare Agents

Noort, D, Benschop, H.P., and Black, R.M. (2002). Biomonitoring of exposure to chemical warfare agents a review. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 184, 116-126. 

Figure 2. N7-Deoxyguanosine adduct of sulfur mustard and derived N7-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)guanine (N7-HETE-Gua). (Reprinted from Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 184, D. Noort, H.P. Benschop and R.M. Black, Biomonitoring of Exposure to Chemical Warfare Agents A Review, pages 116-126 (2002), with permission from Elsevier Science.)...

Adducts with macromolecules, particularly proteins, offer long-lived biological markers of exposure to Chemical Warfare Agent (CWA), possibly up to several months. Gas or liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry, are the methods of choice for unequivocal identification of these adducts or metabolites at trace levels. Several... 

Certain parts of the manuscript and figures 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 and 10 have been reprinted from Biomonitoring of Exposure to Chemical Warfare Agents A review, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 184,... 

While chemical warfare agents have been used for decades in military conflict, it is only in the last two decades that increasing attention has been placed on the acute and chronic health effects associated with exposure to these agents. The Gulf War of 1991 and the subsequent reports of ill-defined illnesses in the veterans of that conflict, followed by the 1995 sarin terrorist event in the Japanese subway system, placed increased attention on the capacity of deliberate or accidental exposure to chemical warfare agents resulting in significant human death and subsequent disability. 

Mumo, N.B., Watson, A.P., Ambrose, K.R., Griffin, G.D. (1990). Treating exposure to chemical warfare agents implications for health care providers and community emergency plarming. Environ. Health Perspect. 89 205-15. 

Methodologies for the verification of exposure to chemical warfare agents have been published recently in special issues of the Journal of Analytical Toxicology (Barr, 2004, 2008 Black, 2008). Methodology of the clinical methods has also been reviewed by Noort et al. (2002), Black and Noort (2007), and Capacio et al. (2008). This chapter is not... 

Barr, J.R. (2004). Biological monitoring of human exposure to chemical warfare agents. J. Anal. Toxicol. 28 305. 

Black, R.M. (2008). An overview of biological markers of exposure to chemical warfare agents. J. Anal. Toxicol. 32 2-9. Black, R.M., Muir, J. (2003). Derivatisation reactions in the chromatographic analysis of chemical warfare agents and their degradation products. J. Chromatogr. A 1000 253-81. 

Capacio, B.R., Smith, J.R., Gordon, R.K., Haigh, J.R., Barr, J.R., Lukey, B.J. (2008). Clinical Detection of Exposure to Chemical Warfare Agents Chemical Warfare Agents, Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics (J.A. Romano,... 

B) Low Level Exposure of Agents The Commission also requests the Committee include within its Risk Management and Safety Review the incorporation of the latest information available on the impact of low-level exposure of agents. The Commission requests this review include, but not be limited to, the issues raised in DoD Strategy to Address Low-Level Exposures to Chemical Warfare Agents (May 1999). 

Clinical Detection of Exposure to Chemical Warfare Agents... 

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