Included in this Review

Many of the properties of the polyphosphates have been investigated before in several laboratories, the results being described in a number of reviews (52, 66, 71). Only a very brief summary will be given here. 

Structure. The polymers prepared in this manner are practically 

Properties. The polyphosphates of the alkali or alkaline earth metals are soluble in water, the trifunctional branch points being un- 

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Selective removal of the hydroxyl protecting groups included in this review is generally difficult to achieve and of little practical importance. Selective hydrolysis of cyclic orthoesters to give monoesters merits attention for its practical interest. 

A Structural characteristic of conducting organic polymers is the conjugation of the chain-linked electroactive monomeric units, i.e. the monomers interact via a 7t-electron system. In this respect they are fundamentally different from redox polymers. Although redox polymers also contain electroactive groups, the polymer backbone is not conjugated. Consequently, and irrespective of their charge state, redox polymers are nonconductors. Their importance for electrochemistry lies mainly in their use as materials for modified el trodes. Redox polymers have been discussed in depth in the literature and will not be included in this review. 

This account will summarise results in the development of n-conjugated materials incorporating phosphorus moieties with emphasis on the conceptual design and specific properties that result directly from the presence of the P-atom. Polyphosphazenes, which are the most familiar synthetic polymers incorporating phosphorus [8], will not be included in this review since they do not display the type of n-conjugation as sought in systems (A)-(D). 

The studies in Sr. Macedonia, Yugoslavia, were only concerned with the evaluation of the usefulness of the microchromatographic procedure for the determination of Hb-A2 and thus for the detection of the 3-thalassemia heterozygote. Nearly 6,000 persons participated in the study. All participants were school children from five Macedonian cities who voluntarily participated in these testing programs parents and relatives of known patients with a 3-thalassemia homozygosity are also included in this review. 

Measurements of absolute rate constants for the reduction and oxidation of metal ions by e, H- and OH- has been a prominent achievement of the technique of pulse radiolysis. This subject is too broad to be included in this review and is to be dealt with later in the series. A key reference is given, however, to help cover the interim period. 

Allegedly, the product of the reduction is a bipyridyl palla-dium(0) complex. This is not likely and our personal opinion is that the obtained material is a supported metal palladium catalyst. This is the reason why the paper was included in this review. 

For space reasons, we will deal mainly with the electrochemical behavior of large dendritic compounds. Therefore, the electrochemical properties of a number of borderline compounds [14] between metal complexes and dendrimers have not been included in this review. 

CHEC-II(1996) comprehensively outlines the most commonly used synthetic approaches applied to these types of bicyclic compounds of phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth <1996CHEC-II(8)863>. The six classes of compounds listed in this section have received considerable attention over the review period and as such the principal synthetic methods for these compounds are discussed. Schoth et al. <2000CCR101> have reviewed the use of fluorinated 1,3-diketones, 2-trifluoroacetylphenols, and their derivatives in the synthesis of phosphorus compounds. Included in this review is the use of these reagents for the synthesis of various [3.3.1] nonfused and [3.3.0] fused phosphorus bridgehead bicyclic systems. 

Numerous heteroradialenes, in which the exo-methylene groups are replaced by oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms, have also been synthesized and studied because of their interesting electrical and magnetic properties. Heteroradialenes are, however, not included in this review. 

Table 1 Methodological approaches used in the papers included in this review... 

This chapter reviewed current research pertaining to selected environmental agents and autoimmune diseases (Table 25.3). Other infectious agents (e.g., parvovirus, varicella), occupational exposures (e.g., mercury), dietary factors (dietary supplements, nutrients such as antioxidants, and specific proteins in wheat and other grains implicated in celiac disease), and stress have been the focus of additional research that was not included in this review. 

A few drugs depend for their therapeutic action upon light activation. Included in this review are dithranol, which has been suggested to exert its antipsoriatic action in this way, and the psoralens, which have long been used in combination with sunbathing to treat various skin conditions and now are also used against surface cancers. 

Most all of the organic compounds which have been reported from studies of cotton plant parts and cotton trash have been included in this review. Only those which seem most unlikely to be cotton-derived natural products have been excluded. For example, the phthallates reported as "air space volatiles of the cotton plant" are likely artifacts derived from cjommon plastics (.9) some hydrocarbons found to be in cotton lint and waste probably came from a source obtained from petrolexim W and aflatoxln is presumably a mold metabolite (36). A few other compounds have been excluded for similar reasons. 

Although the irradiance of the scattered light is of major interest to the experimentalist, there are several other aspects of light scattering that should be included in this review. These include cross-sections, radiation pressure, and electromagnetic energy absorption. The latter two phenomena can be related to cross-sections. 

Since the synthesis of aminoguanidines has been comprehensively discussed by Kurzer and Godfrey [61 ], only the more recent developments are included in this review. Most of the methods used for the synthesis,of guanidines are adaptable to the synthesis of aminoguanidines, but the fact that a mono-substituted aminoguanidine can be one of three isomers (XVI), (XVll) or (XVllI) adds interest to the preparative methods. 

Palladium catalyst stability, recovery and recycle are the key to viable commercial technology. Continuous palladium recovery and recycle at 99.9% efficiency is critical to the economics of the process. Traditional catalyst recovery methods fail since the adipic acid precursor, dimethyl hex- -enedioate, is high boiling and the palladium catalytic species are thermally unstable above 125 C. Because of this problem, a non-traditional solvent extraction approach to catalyst recovery has been worked out and implemented at the pilot plant scale. Since patents have not issued, process detail on catalyst separation, secondary palladium recovery, and product recovery cannot be included in this review. 

Continuing with the approach of this chapter from previous years metal-mediated reactions, cycloadditions, radical processes and asymmetric applications will be highlighted. Syntheses using traditional approaches will not be covered, unless improvements are reported. Due to the volume of publications concerning pyridines and associated heterocycles many subject areas could not be covered. Combinatorial or solid-phase synthesis will not represented since the area is rather specialized and many of the processes utilize existing methodology. The synthesis and reactions of polyaza-fused systems of the pyridine class will also not be included in this review. 

This section provides a critical evaluation of synthetic methods available for the preparation of the most common compounds. Most heterocyclic systems included in this review are made by only one of the following protocols synthesis of the fused srx-membered ring (Section 10.13.9.1), synthesis of the fused five-membered ring (Section... 

Obviously, some problems may have a block X that is nonchemical, e.g., in correlations between sensorial and commercial variables, but such studies are not included in this review. Generally, the correlations between variables of two blocks need different knowledge of different areas of study, only some of which may be considered chemical. 

Several peptide alkaloids are either meta-(Zizyphine A, Mucronine, Maitansine) or paracyclophanes (Frangulanine) where n ranges from 10 to 19 70,b). They will not be included in this review. 

Perhaps the earliest example was published in 1969 by Whitlock and Overman, who described angular methylation of a cyclic lithium enolate with Simmons-Smith reagent. H. W. Whitlock, Jr. and L. E. Overman, J. Org. Chem., 34, 1962 (1969). However, since the mechanism of this reaction is not clear, it is not included in this review. 

A zinca ene reaction is by definition (M. B. Smith and J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry—Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 5th edition, Wiley, New York, 2001, p. 1377) not a rearrangement, because it involves two different molecules. Nevertheless, reactions of the type described in equation 30 are included in this review regardless whether the authors rationalized them by a metallo-ene or metallo-Claisen pathway. This is justified since the original mechanistic assumptions were modified later (see Section II.A.3). 

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