Exporters Germany

United States exports of spices in 1992 totaled 87.7 million up from 85.2 million in 1991 (Table 4). Dehydrated onion was the most important export spice product at 36.1 million followed by dehydrated gadic, 7.5 million capsicum peppers, 8.9 million black and white pepper, 5.8 million and prepared mustard products, 4.8 million. Canada, Japan, and Germany are the principal markets for United States spice exports. The production in the United States of temperate 2one spices is increa sing every year some of this output is exported as raw spice. 

Between 1869 and the beginning of World War I, most of the world s supply of potassium salts came from the Stassfurt deposits in Germany. During World War I, U.S. production, measured as K2O, rose from 1000 metric tons in 1914 to 41,500 t in 1919. Following the end of World War I, U.S. production declined as imports increased. By the time the United States entered World War II, however, production had expanded enough to meet domestic needs. Since then, production has fluctuated, but has fallen below consumption as of the mid-1990s. Total annual U.S. demand peaked at 6.9 X 10 t in 1979 and has leveled off at approximately 5.1 to 5.5 million t. Canada is the principal potash exporter. 

Bayer aluminum hydroxides in most grades are sold by all major U.S. alumina producers. Other firms offering aluminum hydroxide fillers probably operate reprocessing faciHties to grind or otherwise treat hydroxide obtained from the primary producers. Countries exporting small amounts to the United States are Japan, Germany, Canada, and the UK. 

Imports and Exports. The United States has long been a significant importer of vanadium slags, but imports of pentoxide were negligible until they rose quickly to 850 metric tons ia 1974, and 2000 t ia 1975 (mostly from the Repubhc of South Africa). Peatoxide imports thea decliaed to 1400 t ia 1980 with Finland being the maia and South Africa the minor suppHers. In recent years, U.S. imports of ammonium and potassium vanadates and of other vanadium compounds have been 100—200 t/yr, mainly from the U.K., Germany, and the RepubHc of South Africa. 

In 1988, cadmium metal production in the United States increased significantly and imports decreased, but exports increased. Dramatic increases in cadmium prices in 1988 were attributed to the tight supply of cadmium worldwide, heavy speculative trading, and the large quantities of cadmium being purchased by the nickel—cadmium battery industry, particularly in Japan. About 30 countries are cadmium producers, led by Russia, Japan, the United States, Canada, Belgium, Germany, and Mexico, which cumulatively represented 64% of the 1988 reported world cadmium production of 19,773 metric tons. 

Wholesale prices for No. 1 castor oil in tank car lots was l.ll/kg in 1990 compared to 1.60/kg in 1984 and 0.74/kg in 1986 (65). Brazil, China, and India accounted for about 85% of the world exports, and France, the United States, Russia, Germany, and the United Kingdom accounted for about 75% of the world imports from 1986—1989. 

The production of chlorobenzenes in Eastern Europe is concentrated in the former Soviet Union, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. The estimated capacity is 200—250 thousand metric tons the former Soviet Union has most (230 thousand tons) of this capacity. There is trade between Eastern and Western Europe on monochlorobenzene and the dichlorobenzenes, but the net trade balance is probably even at about 20 thousand metric tons. Eastern Europe exported 20 thousand metric tons of monochlorobenzene principally to Germany, Erance, and the United States. 

Japan, as of January 1, 1989, had a total capacity of 28 thousand metric tons of monochlorobenzene and 49 thousand tons of dichlorobenzenes. The Japanese prices have remained fairly constant since 1985. The Japanese consumption of -dichlorobenzene is 81% for moth control, 11% for PPS resins, and 8% for dye-stuffs. There has been very Htde export from Japan of chlorobenzenes and imports have been mainly -dichlorobenzene from the United States, Germany, Prance, and the United Kingdom. 

Arabia, the largest OPEC oil producer. OPEC produces about 40 percent of the world s crude oil output and It supplies about 45 percent of all traded petroleum. In total, almost 60 percent of the world s crude oil extraction is exported from about forty-five hydrocarbon-producing countries—but the six largest exporters (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Russia, Norway, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates) sell just over 50 percent of the traded total. In contrast, more than 130 countries import crude oil and refined oil products besides the United States, the largest buyers are Japan, Germany, France, and Italy. 

About 20 percent of the world s natural gas production was exported during the late 1990s, three-quarters of it through pipelines, and the rest by LNG tankers. The former Soviet Union, Canada, the Netherlands, and Norway are the largest pipeline exporters, while Indonesia, Algeria, and Malaysia dominate the LNG trade. The largest importers of piped gas are the United States, Germany, Italy, and France Japan and South Korea buy most of the LNG. 

The U.S. industry has several advantages over the rest of the world market modem mills, a highly skilled work force, a large domestic market, and an efficient transportation infrastructure. Major export markets for pulp are Japan, Italy, Germany, Mexico, and France. The U.S. Department of Commerce anticipates exports to grow faster than production for domestic markets through 2004. World Trade Organization (WTO) efforts to reduce tariffs include those on pulp and paper products if these are successful, the U.S. industry expects pulp and paper export rates to increase even further. 

Only after Pearl Harbor did the United States government discover how Farben had also stopped the flow of crucial war materials from America to its lend-lease allies. Magnesium was the best example. The arrangement between Farben, the Aluminum Company of America, and the Dow Chemical Company not only had limited production within the United States but had fixed it so that all quantity exports from the United States went only to Germany. Thus Great Britain and the rest of Europe became completely dependent on Farben for magnesium. 

But "imports and exports" were merely business then. When Germany began to replace her imports of petroleum, we acclaimed again the miracle of industrial substitutes. The world naphtha supply would last only twenty to thirty years. Germany could not get enough naphtha from the United States, Russia, Venezuela, Persia, the Dutch Indies, and Rumania. With Farben s new hydrogenation process, Germany could make all the naphtha she wanted. 

Without openly questioning Ilgner s motives, the Swedish industrialists in 1933 understood that the big danger of war lay not in the hearts of bellicose Nazis who didn t want to export. Without selling abroad at this time, Germany wouldn t have the goods to plan a war. The real danger lay in the alliance between the Nazis and industrialists. 

The New Order for France" educated the Ministry of Economics on new means of war production. Going far beyond the mere "strengthening of the German militaristic potential," it called for "a fundamental change in the forms and media of French commercial policy in favor of German exports." It asserted that "the economic, political, and military superiority" of Germany over France was to be established once and for all. 

But most of the infantry rolled on seven-league wheels. All the tanks, the half-tracks, the squad cars rolled on buna rubber. General Loeb s fear that the production of 2000 tons of buna every month would lead to war was sevenfold outmoded now. In the first four days 2000 tons were made—before the mechanized columns reached the outskirts of Warsaw. (In 1938 Farben had made 5000 tons of rubber while the Reich imported 97,000 tons in this first year of war the figures were to be almost reversed, and by 1943 Farben was to make Germany an important exporter of rubber.)... 

Raw materials or goods which are exported to the USA are subjected to the same restrictions as those which are manufactured within the USA. There is also a duty to ensure that each delivery is authorised by the US customs authorities. Anybody who does not conform to these so-called TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act) conditions must reckon on a high fine. This article examines in detail all the legal, administrative and financial steps that must be followed before making the first exports, including adhesives. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY EUROPEAN UNION GERMANY USA WESTERN EUROPE... 

Diluted technical grade chlordecone (80% active ingredient) was exported to Europe, particularly Germany, in great quantities from 1951 to 1975 by the Allied Chemical Company (Epstein 1978) where the diluted technical product was converted to an adduct, kelevan. Approximately 90-99% of the total volume of chlordecone produced during this time was exported to Europe, Asia, Latin America, and Africa (DHHS 1985 EPA 1978b). 

The insecticides and miticides mentioned are not the only ones known to be effective against cotton pests, but they include most of those used for that purpose in the United States. Many of them are imported in considerable quantities into Latin American countries and have proved their effectiveness there. Approximately 44,000,000 pounds of technical organic insecticides (DDT, BHC, toxaphene, aldrin, dieldrin, parathion, etc.), 3,600,000 pounds of calcium arsenate, and 82,000 pounds of nicotine sulfate were exported from the United States to these countries during 1953. Some insecticides are exported from Europe, particularly Folidol (methyl parathion) from Germany. Even though these imports represent considerable quantities of insecticides, they are still far short of the minimum needs for adequate cotton-pest control. 

With regard to other key chemicals used in the illicit manufacture of amphetamine-type stimulants, such as 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone (3,4-MDP-2-P), l-phenyl-2-propanone (P-2-P) and safrole, it has been noted that no country reported any exports of 3,4-MDP-2-P for 2003. Several European countries, including Belgium, France and Germany,... 

Production, Import/Export, Use, Release, and Disposal. Hexachlorobutadiene is not produced for commercial purposes in the United States, however small amounts are imported from Germany. Hexachlorobutadiene is mainly produced as a by-product of chlorinated hydrocarbon synthesis and is a primary component of "hex-wastes" (EPA 1982b). Its uses as a pesticide and fumigant have been discontinued. Hexachlorobutadiene is disposed chiefly by incineration, and to a lesser extent by deep well injection and landfill operations (EPA 1982b). More recent production and release data would be helpful in estimating human exposure to hexachlorobutadiene. 

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