Explosives, Force

Diperoxyketals, and many other organic peroxides, are acid-sensitive, therefore removal of all traces of the acid catalysts must be accompHshed before attempting distillations or kinetic decomposition studies. The low molecular weight diperoxyketals can decompose with explosive force and commercial formulations are available only as mineral spirits or phthalate ester solutions. 

Fire or explosion hazards require special motor enclosures. Hazards include combustible gases and vapors such as gasoline dust such as coal, flour, or metals that can explode when suspended in air and fibers such as textile lint. The land of motor enclosure used depends on the type of hazard, the type and size of motor, and the probability of a hazardous condition occurring. Some available enclosures are explosionproof motors, which can withstand an internal explosion force-ventilated motors cooled with air from a safe location and totallv enclosed motors cooled bv air-to-water heat exchangers and pressurized with safe air, instrument air, or inert gas,... 

Ethylene oxide <-18 CH, CH, 7 o 429 3.0-100 0.9 1.5 11 Colourless gas at room temperature Irritant to eyes and respiratory tract, and an experimental carcinogen Polymerizes uncontrollably with immense explosive force on contact with certain chemicals (e.g. ammonia)... 

Chemical Reactivity - Reactivity with Water Half decomposed in 8 days at 40° C Reactivity with Common Materials Is absorbed in wood, etc., which must be replaced to eliminate poison hazard Stability During Transport Decomposes above 50 °C with possible explosive force Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics Apply caustic or soda ash slurry until yellow stains disappear Polymerization Not pertinent Inhibitor of Polymerization Not pertinent. 

Flames were first observed at or near an unoccupied caboose. A flash fire resulted, propagating toward the punctured car area. An orange flame then spread upward, and a large vapor cloud flared with explosive force. Estimates of the time lapse between these occurrences range from 2 to 30 seconds. Almost immediately thereafter, a second, more severe, explosion was reported. ... 

The safety valves of other cars operated, thereby releasing more LPG. At 7 33 a m., the twenty-seventh car ruptured with explosive force. Four fragments were hurled in different directions (Figure 2.21). The east end of the car dug a crater in the track structure, and was then hurled about 180 m (600 ft) eastward. The west end of the car was hurled in a southwesterly direction for a total distance of about 90 m (300 ft). This section struck and collapsed the roof of a gasoline service station. Two other sizable portions of the tank were hurled in a southwesterly direction and came to rest at points 180 m (600 ft) and 230 m (750 ft) from the tank. 

In a flash fire, a gas cloud or plume fonns and moves in a downwind direction. Subject to contact witli an ignition source, a wall of flame will flash back to the vapor source, sometimes witli explosive force. The beliavior of flash fire flames is not well documented. It is generally assumed tliat a flash fire will spread tliroughout tlie vapor cloud emitted and tliat it can be calculated by gas outflow dispersion. It is generally assumed tliat tlie fire is lethal to anyone within the contours of tlie cloud who is not wearing special protective gear. ... 

Fig. 4 shows the accumulated standard deviation error, ss, with the measuring time of the pressure fluctuation for a good fluidization case (a) and a locally poor fluidization case (b). Pressure 1 and 2 were measured at the exit and the center air-headers of the FBAC respectively. Pressure 3 and 4 were measured at the entrance air-headers of the FBAC. As shown in Fig. 4 (a) and (b), the accumulated standard deviation error, ss, stayed in a limited range if the bed is in good fluidization state, but ss for the entrance of the FBAC decreased steadily if the bed is in local poor fluidization state. This may be Ifom the decrease of the bubble explosion force and frequency, which have influence on the standard deviation enxir of the pressure fluctuation, at the bed surface due to the bubble break and bypass around the poor fluidization area. Therefore, we can easily detect the local poor fluidization through this simple method. Additionally, as detecting the local poor fluidization, we could also regulate the overall or local airflow rate to clear up the local poor fluidization, as shown in Fig. 5. The accumulated standard deviation error, deviated from a limited range due to poor fluidization, shows to return into a limited value after regulations of local airflow rates.

Let s calculate the mass that was converted into energy in the first atomic bomb test. Measurements on the ground indicated that the explosive force of the bomb was equivalent to 37,200,000 pounds (16,874,000 kg) of TNT. That is so much TNT that scientists now measure atomic bomb explosions in kilotons (kt) of TNT. A kiloton is equal to 1,000 tons or 2,000,000 pounds (907,185 kg). Using the new units, the yield of the first bomb would be ... 

The control center(s) and the electrical switching room are always located in an enclosed building. It is important that both of these services be maintained so that the plant can be shut down in an orderly manner in the case of an emergency. Therefore these buildings must be built so that should an external explosion occur the room will not collapse and destroy the control center and switching center. To avoid this, either the structure must have 3-4 ft (1-1.2 m) thick walls, or the roof must be supported independently of the walls. The Humble Oil and Refining Co. has specified that the building withstand a 400 psf (2,000 kg / m2) external explosive force.2... 

Since the shock of a single strand of primacord is not powerful enough to detonate most explosives, a knot must be tied at the end to concentrate explosive force within the charge to be detonated. A properly tied knot, securely buried, is sufficient to detonate plastic explosives. 

A process storage tank contained 6500 gal of ethylene oxide. It was accidentally contaminated with ammonia. The tank ruptured and dispersed ethylene oxide into the air. A vapor cloud was formed and almost immediately exploded. It created an explosive force equivalent to 18 tons of TNT, as evidenced by the damage. The events happened so rapidly that personnel could not take appropriate cover. One person was killed and nine were injured property losses exceeded 16.5 million. 

Bradford and Culbertson, "Design of Control Houses to Withstand Explosive Forces", W. J. Bradford and T. L. Culbertson, Loss Prevention, Vol. 1, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, NY, 1967, pp 28-30... 

What a brilliant idea About ten years ago I read of someone who exploded small amounts of water by making an underwater arc with a spark plug attached to one end of a metallic tube. I think the guy was able to puncture 1/4" aluminium sheets with the explosive force of the water. 

This all happens in a very brief time period with what appears to be an explosive force, but as the steam expands the piston is dropping further thus creating more space within the cylinder that causes the steam to cool AND... 

Detonation (and Explosion) Force or Impetus. See under Detonation (and Explosion) Power, Strength, Impetus or Force... 

IEC 47, 1794(1955) (Detailed discussion on Trauzl block method) 15) J.F. Roth, Explosivst 1957, 161-76. PicArsn Translation No 30, by Dr G.R. Loehr (1959) (Ballistic methods for measuring expl power and deton shock) 16) Dunkle s Syllabus (1957-1958), p 257 (Discussion on expression nRTy misnamed "power or "explosive force , whereas a better name is "impetus ) [See "Detonation (and Explosion), Impetus and Available Energy in]... 

Shaped Charge (Brit Hollow Charge), also called Cavity Charge. An explosive charge with a shaped cavity to make possible the concentration of the explosive force in the desired direction. The localized explosive damage obtained by the shaped charge is known in US as Munroe Effect (Ref 23, pp 8-33 G4)... 

Uses.—Many attempts have been made to apply gun-cotton to mining purposes on account of its enormous explosive force, and the small quantity of smoke which it produces bet the objections to its use are numerous, the most fatal one being its liability to spontaneous ignition. 

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