Explosions destructive force

Nonexpendable light sources, such as a Q-switched pulsed laser can be protected. from destructive forces encountered in the photography of explosive material by piping the light through fiber optics, to the experimental zone. Occasionally lens systems are used to relay the light from mirrors located near a protective barrier shielding the laser (Ref 16)... 

Some observers never seem to get it right that explosives are extremely precise. The uninformed—who seem to get all of their information regarding explosives from TV and movies—tend to assume that destructive forces from high explosives are uncontrollable and unpredictable, when in fact the absolute opposite is true. Professionals spend a great deal of time and energy doing precise calculations as to the exact amount of explosives needed for a given situa-... 

A structural cage around the vessel resistant to the burst of the vessel itself (destructive steam explosion, destructive reactivity accident) or to jet force caused by its perforation in conditions of high pressure in the primary system (the energies involved are illustrated in Fig. 5-3). 

Figure 3.2 I The destructive force of an explosion is due in part to the expansion of gases produced in the reaction. This molecular scale diagram illustrates the effect. In a soUd explosive, relatively large molecules are packed very closely together. When the reaction occurs, the products are usually smaller gas molecules. These gases are initially formed in a volume similar to that of the solid. Because densities are typically hundreds of times smaller in gases than in solids, the products are very highly compressed. The gas must expand to lower its density, and this produces a shock wave.

The history of artillery is the quest for precision and accuracy. Ballistic science is concerned with the properties of classical physical mechanics governing the motions of bodies under force. With artillery, these motions involve the mechanics of gun machinery, the dynamics of propellants, and the trajectory of discharged projectiles. The basic dynamics of artillery fire-whether bow and arrow, catapult, howitzer, or railroad gun-are based on Newton s second law of motion Net force is the product of the mass times the acceleration. Traditionally, for artillery this has meant that the amount of destruction was equal to weight of the projectile times how fast it could be propelled. In modern warfare, this destructive force is multiplied by adding explosives and submunitions to the projectile. 

The rapid, explosive , destructive removal of the intercalate with increasing temperature which forces apart the graphene layers so creating the microporosity. The severity of this process is a function of heating rate and alkali content. 

It is unfortunately true to say that the views which most people hold on explosives stem either from first-hand experience of the effects of explosives used during times of war, or from reports of these effects. For military purposes explosives are required to cause destruction and are used in quantities so large or in such a fashion that destruction is inevitable. As a result, the impression is given of an overwhelming force causing uncontrolled devastation. 

Due to the destructive nature of hydrocarbon forces when handled incorrectly, fire and explosion protection principles should be the prime feature in the risk philosophy of any hydrocarbon facility. Vapor cloud explosions in particular are consider the highest risk at a hydrocarbon facility. Disregarding the importance of protection features or systems will eventually prove to be costly both in economic and human terms should a catastrophic incident occur without adequate safeguards. 

The most destructive incidents in the petroleum and related industries are usually initiated by an explosive blast that can damage and destroy unprotected facilities. These blasts have been commonly equated with the force of a TNT explosion and are quite literally a "bomb". The protection of hydrocarbon and chemical industries is in rather a unique discipline by itself, which requires specialized techniques of mitigation and protection in a systems based approach. The first step in this approach is to understand the characteristics of hydrocarbon releases, fires and explosions. 

The explosion had all the characteristics of a detonation. A plot of overpressure destruction vs. distance statics fits exactly on known TNT detonation curves. Based on the stoichiometric combustion, my calculations indicate that the explosion had the force of 10 to 12 tons of TNT. 

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