Explosives cellulose nitrate

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyvinyl acetate (PVA) are considered to be the first synthetic polymers created. Safe-handling cellulose acetate soon replaced explosive cellulose nitrate. Polyacrylonitrile and polyamides (Nylon) soon followed. American companies such as DuPont pioneered the development of plastics. England was responsible for the early development of polyester polymerization. 

Use Manufacture of ammonium nitrate for fertilizer and explosives, organic synthesis (dyes, drugs, explosives, cellulose nitrate, nitrate salts), metallurgy, photoengraving, etching steel, ore flotation, urethanes, rubber chemicals, reprocessing spent nuclear fuel. 

Explosives. Cellulose nitrate with a nitrogen content of 12.3-13.5% N (DSn = 2.25-2.5) is used in explosive and propellant appbcations. Cellulose nitrate was initially developed for use in explosives and propellants and this remains one of the largest markets for cellulose nitrate today. 

In explosives, diphenylamine stabilizes cellulose nitrate by reacting with nitrogen oxides (see Explosives and propellants). The products formed include /V-nitrosodiphenylamine and mono andpolynitro derivatives. 

The principal chemical iadustry based on wood is pulp and paper. In 1995, 114.5 x 10 metric tons of wood were converted iato - 60 x 10 metric tons of fiber products ranging from newsptint to pure cellulose ia the United States (1,76). Pure cellulose is the raw material for a number of products, eg, rayon, cellulose acetate film base, cellulose nitrate explosives, cellophane, celluloid, carboxymethylceUulose, and chemically modified ceUulosic material. 

Cellulose nitrate (pyroxylin) [9004-70-0], made from cellulose and a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids, is called gun cotton and is used in explosives. Nitrates of lower DS find some appHcation in coatings and adhesives. 

Group 1 Chlorate and metal perchlorate report or whistling compositions Dry non-gelatinized cellulose nitrates Barium peroxide/zirconium compositions Burn very violently Flash shells (maroons) Casings containing flash compositions Sealed hail-preventing rockets Mass explosion risk... 

Cellulose nitrate is inflammable and explosive when dry, but when soaked in water it is considered entirely safe if reasonable care is taken in handling. 

Nature uses cellulose primarily as a structural material to impart strength and rigidity to plants. Leaves, grasses, and cotton, for instance, are primarily cellulose. Cellulose also serves as raw material for the manufacture of cellulose acetate, known commercially as acetate rayon, and cellulose nitrate, known as guncotton. Guncotton is the major ingredient in smokeless powder, the explosive propellant used in artillery shells and in ammunition for firearms. 

I) cellulose nitrate to which the Explosives Act 1875 applies or (ii) solutions of cellulose nitrate where the nitrogen content of the cellulose nitrate 12.3 /n by weight and the solution contains 55 parts of cellulose nitrate per 100 parts by weight of solution. 

Reactivity of benzoyl nitrate towards moisture is so great that attempted filtration through an undried filter paper causes explosive decomposition (possibly involving cellulose nitrate ). 

The analytical use of cellulose fibre to absorb uranyl nitrate solution prior to ignition has led to explosions dining ignition, owing to formation of cellulose nitrate. An alternative method is described. 

Cellulose nitrate is very easily ignited and bums very rapidly or explosively, depending on the degree of confinement, degree of nitration and state of subdivision. Unless very pure and stabilised, it deteriorates in storage and may ignite... 

Subsequent tests in which small portions of these undiluted liquid amines and dried cellulose nitrate linters were contacted (with a little added butyl acetate for the solid phenol) under various conditions, gave ignition with the first 3 amines, and exotherms to 110°C with foaming decomposition for the remaining 4. Other amine resin components showed slight or no exotherms in either test [2], Contact of cellulose nitrate with a little butylamine caused explosive reaction [3]. 

As a solvent, acetone is used in varnishes, lacquer, cellulose acetate fiber, cellulose nitrate (an explosive), and as a carrier solvent for acetylene in cylinders. Acetylene is stored at about 225 psi but is so explosively reactive that as an extra precaution the cylinder is filled with asbestos wool soaked in acetone. Acetylene is extremely soluble in acetone, and the asbestos keeps it from sloshing around when the cylinder is half empty. Acetone also is used in smaller volumes for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and chloroform (the anesthetic). 

The most widely used inorganic ester of cellulose is cellulose nitrate (CN), also called nitrocellulose or gun cotton. Celluloid is produced from a mixture of CN and camphor. It was first made in 1833 when cellulose-containing linen, paper, or sawdust was reacted with concentrated nitric acid. It was the first synthetic cellulose product that was recognized. Initially, CN was used as a military explosive and improvements allowed the manufacture of smokeless powder. A representation of CN is given in structure 9.7. 

Would you expect the addition of chlorine or hydrogen to a double bond in a polymer to occur 100% What is the DS of cellulose nitrate when it is used as an explosive ... 

Both cellulose and cellulose nitrate (CN) are linear, or two-dimensional, polymers, but the former cannot be softened because of the presence of multitudinous hydrogen bonds between the chain-like molecules. When used as an explosive the CN is essentially completely nitrated, but the material used by Parks and Hyatt was a dinitrate, still potentially explosive, but less so. Parks added castor oil and Hyatt added camphor to plasticize—reduce the effect of the hydrogen bonding—the CN, allowing it some flexibility. 

Explosives possessing velocities below ca 1000 m/sec are known as deflagrating explosives (See Vol 3, p D38-R), also known as burning or progressive explosives. To this class belongs BkPdr (See Vol 2, p B165-R), Nitrocelluloses (See Cellulose Nitrates in Vol 2, pClOO-L), smokeless propellants and... 

Nitric acid Nitric acid Nitro starch Nitro starch Nitrocellulose Mitrated cornstarch Improvised explosive mixture Nitrated cellulose, Gun cotton, CeUulosetrinitrate... 

The Kinetics of Solution of Cellulose Nitrates in Explosive Plasticizers , PATR 1786 (Oct 1950)... 

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