Simulations expert systems

NadoU and Rangaswami (1993) Expert system, simulator Waiting time, congestion level, etc. No... 

Artificial intelligence and simulation have mutually beneficial connections. Model-based expert systems, simulations built out of neural networks, and smart interfaces to simulation tools are commonplace. It is expected that AI and simulation will join forces to model and simulate intelligent behavior (WUdberger 1999). 

Expert systems are widely applied in design and planning where they can give instructions on how to design systems for given criteria or constraints. Expert systems are also used for simulation tasks Starting from an initial state, these systems deduce subsequent states with the aim of simulating possible outcomes for certain actions. 

In chemistry and chemical engineering, expert systems are used for various tasks ranging from laboratory automation or reaction kinetics to the design of syntheses or the simulations of processes [24]. The application of expert systems in chemistry is described in more detail in Chapter IX, Section 2 of the Handbook,... 

Two systems will be introduced below on the one hand the DENDRAL system for automatic structure elucidation [25], which was one of the first expert systems on the other hand the EROS system [26], which can be used for simulating reactions. 

The computer has become an accepted part of our daily lives. Computer applications in applied polymer science now are focussing on modelling, simulation, robotics, and expert systems rather than on the traditional subject of laboratory instrument automation and data reduction. The availability of inexpensive computing power and of package software for many applications has allowed the scientist to develop sophisticated applications in many areas without the need for extensive program development. 

Simulators are a special kind of expert systems and should be treated as such. They should be used to support the decision making process but not to replace the human creativity. 

P Heda. A comparative study of the formulation requirements of dosator and dosing disc encapsulators. Simulation of plug formation, and creation of rules for an expert system for formulation design. PhD dissertation, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 1998. 

Because the expert system was not connected to a real reactor, we built a small table-driven simulation to model the growth of cells in suspension. The graphical interface includes images representing the reactor itself, several feed bins and associated valves. Also shown in Figure 1 are several types of gauges, including a strip chart, monitors of various states and alarm conditions, temperature, and the on/off state of heaters and coolers. 

One could set up an expert system by interfacing a suitable simulation program with EXPERT. Good optimization capabilities and... 

The scope of evolutionary simulation is presently largely limited by the size and time problems. Its force fields are mostly expert systems and are far from a faithful reproduction of real physical effects - think of the wrong description of short-range Coulombic forces resulting from locating formal charges at atomic nuclei,... 

Expert systems are computer programs that simulate the decision-making process of human experts. The hallmark of expert systems is that decisions are based on heuristics (rules of thumb) when data is incomplete or there is not enough time to consider all possibilities [19]. An expert system can be a set of IF-THEN rules in FORTRAN, or it can be a written in one of the languages designed for expert systems, such as LISP. Expert systems can be used off-line to aid in cure cycle selection, or they can be used as real-time advisers or controllers. 

Systematic process rebuilding, while including known and creative technologies and breakthroughs and using heuristics, expert systems, and process simulation. 

Object-oriented systems use the concept of reusable entities that contain both the data and procedures relevant to the object, and thus eliminating the separation of knowledge and reasoning found in expert systems. In object-oriented systems computation is behavior simulation of real-life systems. Once certain classes of objects are created, they can be reused to create other objects and properties with interface and behavior. The self-contained character of objects is known as encapsulation. Inheritance allows derivation of new objects from existent ones, and encapsulation defines the limits of services an object can provide to other objects. An example of this system is provided by GENERA,31 and a schematic representation is given in Figure 5.2. 

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