Experimental Setup and Procedure

Experiments were conducted in the newly built High Temperature Supersonic Jet Facility at the Fluid Mechanics Research Laboratory of the Florida State University in Tallahassee. A schematic of the facility can be seen in Fig. 3.2. In the present experiments, a converging axisymmetric nozzle having an exit diameter of 50.8 mm Wcis used. The nozzle profile was designed using a fifth-order polynomial with a contraction ratio of approximately 2.25. The stagnation pressure and temperature were held constant to within 0.5% of its nominal value during the experiment. 

A set of ten microphones was set up in an arc that had a radial distance of iO diameters from the nozzle exit. The arc covered the polar angle, 0, range from 90 to 150 relative to the upstream jet axis. Each of the microphones had a relatively flat frequency response up to 100 kHz and was subsequently sampled at 250 kHz. The dataset for each microphone contained 409.600 samples (1.6 s). This allowed for a fast Fourier transform (FFT) of 4096 points over 100 subsets. Averaging the results for the 100 subsets reduced the random error in the calculation to within 0.1%. The resulting narrowband spectrum had a spectral resolution of 61 Hz. 

The OASPL can be found through the use of two methods. The first method involves integrating under the power spectral density curve to obtain the squared pressure value and then applying the following well-known formula  

A number of corrections must be applied in order to obtain accurate data. The sound pressure level (SPL) at each frequency needs to be determined through the use of the raw data. The corrections for the actuator response as well as the free-field response are then applied at each frequency. Lastly, the effect of atmospheric absorption at each frequency needs to be determined and applied. This was done through the use of formulas provided by Blackstock [14]. The corrected SPL values are then converted back into pressure values and integration 

To illustrate the suppression technique on a full-scale engine, the frequencies are divided by a factor of 12 (assuming the full-scale nozzle diameter = 0.6 m) and then the frequency spectrum is converted into a discrete one-third-octave spectrum. In order to do this, one must first determine the center frequency of each octave band and then its lower and upper limits. The corrected pressure spectrum is then integrated over these limits to determine the SPL value at the respective center frequency. A-weighting is then applied to the entire spectrum to properly reflect subjective judgments of the noise as commonly used in the literature. 

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Experimental setup and procedures. The experimental setup for N2O decomposition consisted of a gas mixing section, a reactor and a gas analysis section. A quartz fixed bed reactor of 5 mm I.D. was used, containing 20 mg of catalyst (106-212 mm) diluted with... 

In the following, after a brief description of the experimental setup and procedures (Section 13.2), we will first focus on the adsorption and on the coverage and composition of the adlayer resulting from adsorption of the respective Cj molecules at a potential in the Hup range as determined by adsorbate stripping experiments (Section 13.3.1). Section 13.3.2 deals with bulk oxidation of the respective reactants and the contribution of the different reaction products to the total reaction current under continuous electrolyte flow, first in potentiodynamic experiments and then in potentiostatic reaction transients, after stepping the potential from 0.16 to 0.6 V, which was chosen as a typical reaction potential. The results are discussed in terms of a mechanism in which, for methanol and formaldehyde oxidation, the commonly used dual-pathway mechanism is extended by the possibility that reaction intermediates can desorb as incomplete oxidation products and also re-adsorb for further oxidation (for the formic acid oxidation mechanism, see [Samjeske and Osawa, 2005 Chen et al., 2006a, b Miki et al., 2004]). 

The experimental setup and procedures used in this study was described previously in more detail.Briefly, all experiments were carried out in a flow tube reactor... 

The experimental setups and procedures for using XPS [25] (Fig. lb), TPD [26] and cyclic voltammetry [27] under ultra-high-vacuum (uhv) conditions and work function measurements [7,27], cyclic voltammetry [26,28] and STM [29] under atmospheric pressure conditions to investigate the origin of electrochemical promotion, have been described in detail recently [25-29]. 

This possibility is indicated in the study of the ablation of PMMA and PS doped with haloaromatic compounds (iodonaphthalene (NapI), iodo-phenanthrene (PhenI)). Experimentally these dopants offer the advantage that they exhibit negligible fluorescence, whereas their products are moderate or strong emitters. Thus, product formation can be conveniently monitored via laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). It is noted that the study has focused on the characterization of the species/products that remain in the substrate upon ablation. Thus, the experiment is of the pump-probe type, in which pump pulses at a particular wavelength (2=308, 248 or 193 nm) are used to irradiate the films, and laser pulses of very low fluence are employed to induce photoproduct fluorescence (FLaser<3 mj cm-2, probing effected always at 2=248 nm). Detailed information on the experimental setup and procedures is provided elsewhere [83-85]. 

I- 1 REMPI of S( P2,i,o> D2)IC H S. The experimental setup and procedures used to measure the electronic S( P2.i,o, 2) state distribution formed in the 193-nm photodissociation of organosulfur species have been described in Section II.A [58-60]. In this experiment, a pulsed molecular beam of neat thiophene is produced by supersonic expansion through a pulsed valve (nozzle diameter = 0.5 mm, temperature 298 K, stagnation pressure = 90 Torr). 

Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are identified in this chapter to specify the experimental setup and procedure adequately. Such identihcation is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the authors, nor is it intended to imply that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose. 

An applied bias IPCE experiment should be performed in cases where (1) the majority carrier does not possess sufhcient energy to drive its respective halfreaction (e.g., HER for n-type and OER for p-type) in a two-electrode measurement or (2) an applied electric field is needed to aid carrier collection. Employing several applied biases provides more insight into sample performance. The experimental setup and procedure remains the same as in the unbiased case, but an additional bias is applied between the WE and RE (three-electrode) or the WE and CE (two-electrode). 

The experimental setup and procedure is the same as that required for the basic IPCE experiments except that the requirements of electron counting are not as stringent as with IPCE, as it is not efficiency that is ultimately being reported but... 

The active site responsible for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols over Pd/AljO, catalysts has long been debated [96-lOOj. Many reports claim that the active site for this catalyst material is the metallic palladium based on electrochemical studies of these catalysts [100, 101]. On the contrary, there are reports that claim that palladium oxide is the active site for the oxidation reaction and the metalhc palladium has a lesser catalytic activity [96,97). In this section, we present examples on how in situ XAS combined with other analytical techniques such as ATR-IR, DRIFTS, and mass spectroscopic methods have been used to study the nature of the actual active site for the supported palladium catalysts for the selective aerobic oxidation of benzylic alcohols. Initially, we present examples that claim that palladium in its metallic state is the active site for this selective aerobic oxidation, followed by some recent examples where researchers have reported that ojddic palladium is the active site for this reaction. Examples where in situ spectroscopic methods have been utilized to arrive at the conclusion are presented here. For this purpose, a spectroscopic reaction cell, acting as a continuous flow reactor, has been equipped with X-ray transparent windows and then charged with the catalyst material. A liquid pump is used to feed the reactants and solvent mixture into the reaction cell, which can be heated by an oven. The reaction was monitored by a transmission flow-through IR cell. A detailed description of the experimental setup and procedure can be found elsewhere [100]. Figure 12.10 shows the obtained XAS results as well as the online product analysis by FTIR for a Pd/AljOj catalyst during the aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol. 

We present here only general features of the experimental setup and procedures used in our studies. Full details can be consulted in previous publications [19,20]. The system used included a glass vessel of 0.210 m in diameter having a working volume of 8 L. Dimensions of the HRS impeller are ribbon height = 0.185 m, ribbon diameter =0.185 m, ribbon width = 0.020 m, screw width = 0.025 m, ribbon pitch = 0.0925 m (double pitch was used), screw pitch = 0.185 m (single pitch was used). 

Naturally, particle beams that do not meet the above demands may still be applied to obtain useful information on atomic ionization or excitation. However, to circumvent a poor beam quality, the experimental setup and procedure may have to be considerably more complicated than with high-quality beams this often results in the necessity for extended time periods for the measurement and severe difficulties in meaningful analysis of the results. 

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