Effect of probe

The effect of probe molecules on the 27A1 NMR has attracted some attention recently. In particular, the determination of the quadrupole coupling constant, Cq, is a sensitive means to learn more about the bonding situation at the aluminum in acid sites, and how it reflects the interaction with basic probe molecules. If one of the four oxygen atoms in an AIO4 tetrahedral coordination is protonated, as in a zeolitic acid site, the coordination is somewhat in between a trigonal and a tetrahedral A1 environment [232]. The protonated oxygen decreases its bond order to A1 to approximately half of its size compared to an unprotonated zeolite. 

One problem is the dead time of the probe-preamplifier subsystem (the combined effect of probe RF ringing and of preamplifier recovery from saturation). While irrelevant in samples with long enough FID (above 0.1 ms or so), it may become a major limitation with fast-decaying FTDs (solid samples and/or samples with very short T2S) because it can obscure a substantial portion of the FID signal. 

C. Nguyen and D. D. Do, Effects of probing vapors and temperature on the characterization of micro- and mesopore size distribution of carbonaceous materials, Langmuir 16(18), 7218-7222 (2000). 

First, since PCA is quite sensitive to the scale of interaction energies, the information given by probes representing weak nonbonded interactions (van der Waals and hydrophobic) is masked by the effect of probes representing stronger interac-... 

Ray, K., Badugu, R., and Lakowicz, J. R. (2007). Sulforhodamine Adsorbed Langmuir-Blodgett Layers on Silver Island Films Effect of Probe Distance on the Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 111 7091-7097. 

Sulforhodamine adsorbed Langmuir-Blodgett layers on silver island films effect of probe distance on the metal-enhanced fluorescence. J. Phys. Chem. 

Figure 28. Effect of probe position on the calibration curve for sand particles. (Reproduced with permission from reference 24. Copyright 1987.)...

Fig. 16.13 The spectroscopy of pyrene, PRODAN and DCM. Effects of probe structure, PLLA concentration and preparation method on the local microenvironment that surrounds pyrene, PRODAN, and DCM in PLLA/P104-based BPs...

The effects of probe materials, such as metal and quartz, as well as the probecooling requirements, have been investigated for sampling gases in combustion systems.12 Several studies have found that both metal and quartz probe materials can significantly affect NO measurements in air/fuel combustion systems, especially under fuel-rich conditions with high CO concentrations.13 14 However, the NO readings were not affected under fuel-lean conditions. 

Figure 7. Effect of Probe Misalignment on Concentration Ratio, Vs = Vu. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 8. Copyright 1982, John Wiley.)...

Effect of probe concentration on the intensity of the superoxide-induced chemiluminescence in Mops buffer (pH 7.3) at 25 °C. 

In vitro and in vivo experiments were carried out to determine the transport capacity of various dialysis membranes. Using an average perfusion rate of 4 pL/min it was noted that polycarbonate membranes tended to retain some drugs in an unpredictable manner, a characteristic not seen with polyamide membranes. Furthermore, the transport capacity of the probes was not just dependent on the area of the dialysis membrane, but was also proportional to the length of the membrane, and inversely proportional to its width. This effect of probe width on the total delivery capacity is explained by the fact that flow rates are approximately 7.5 times slower in wide tubes and when compared with narrow tubes, fewer molecules are close enough to the tube wall in wide tubes to diffuse out. Practically speaking, the longer and thinner a dialysis membrane is, the more molecules it will be able to deliver. No difference in transport capacity was found in the two different types of dialysis membrane types when their dimensions were the same. 

Thus the effect of probe orientation is not too critical. The effect of probe orientation becomes critical at higher values of the chevron conductance coefficient/p. It can be seen from Fig, 7 that for a pressure probe, looking directly at the source plane (gauge orientation... 

Figure 13.3 Effect of probe angle relative to the wind direction for sampling velocities equal to the wind speed using 1-20 mm diameter probe nozzles (Crown copyright reserved).

In order to see more clearly the effect of probe-field detuning on atom localization, in Fig. 3 we... 

Electrical measurement of the dielectric constant is done through the fabrication of metal—oxide—semiconductor capacitor structures, where the ULK serves as the dielectric of the capacitor. A doped Si wafer is used as the substrate, on which the ULK film is deposited. This ULK film is subjected to CMP, say, or any other process whose impact on ULK characteristics needs to be quantified. An aluminum film is deposited on the backside of the Si wafer to form one of the capacitor contacts. Using a shadow mask, aluminum dots of varying diameters are evaporated onto the surface of the ULK film, to form the other terminal of the capacitor. Each aluminum dot is probed to measure its capacitance (at about 100 kHz). Evaporation through a shadow mask allows for the formation of metal contacts without altering the dielectric further— as would be the case if reactive-ion-etch were used to form the contacts. (It should be noted that more complex process flows can be used to eliminate concerns such as dot-size variation, the effect of probe-tip impact on the dielectric being tested, etc.) The results of electrical measurement of the k-value increase post-CMP of the variety... 

---