Optimization experimental studies

Despite their high synthetic potential, when L-proline-catalyzed reactions are evaluated, catalytic amounts in the range 20 to 35% and use of excess ketone (usually 20% v/v) represent reaction parameters to be optimized. Experimental studies addressing this issue have been conducted and impressive solutions were found by the List group [23], As a model reaction the Mannich synthesis using p-nitro-... 

Analytical methods are ripe for attack using Al methods. Capillary electrophoresis is a routine separation technique, but like other separation techniques, its effectiveness is correlated strongly with experimental conditions. Hence it is important to optimize experimental conditions to achieve the maximum degree of separation. Zhang and co-workers41 studied the separation of mixtures in reserpine tablets, in which vitamin B1 and dibazolum may be incompletely separated, as may promethazine hydrochloride and chloroquine... 

Important features favoring the reductive elimination reaction have been discussed based on theoretical and experimental studies [128-130]. The reductive elimination of an azohum salt from a palladium NHC alkyl complex (Fig. 13) proceeds under direct formation of Pd° in an exothermic process with a low activation barrier [128]. The coligands at the palladium atom play an important role. It has been shown that the Caikyi-Pd-CNHC angle becomes more acute during the reductive elimination to allow for an optimal orbital overlap of the groups to be... 

State energies depend to a large degree on the energies of the MOs involved in an electronic transition. Thus, by taking proper account of the nodal structure of the relevant MOs it should be possible to determine, at least qualitatively, where substituents should be placed to achieve optimal differential stabilization effects. More detailed Cl calculations can then be carried out to determine whether the expected effects are likely in fact to occur. In addition, the results of numerous experimental studies of substituted porphyrins (37, ) will also provide a useful guide for the design of porphyrin dimers with the desirable properties. 

Kai, Z., Xun, L. Zhide, C. and Junhong, Y., The thermo-imaging experimental study for the optimization of seeds drying. Drying Tech., 17 (1999) 1935-1945. 

For the three aspects of the study of kinetics, the optimal experimental and theoretical... 

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