Exfoliation reactions

Other skin reactions to thalidomide include pustulo-derma, exfoliative reactions, and hypersensitivity reactions, including toxic epidermal necrolysis (3). The frequency of erythema nodosum was increased compared with placebo during the first 8 weeks of thalidomide therapy for Behget s syndrome, but not thereafter (33). 

One adverse reaction associated with allopurinol is skin rash, which in some cases has been followed by serious hypersensitivity reactions such as exfoliative dermatitis... 

The most serious adverse reaction associated with these drugs is agranulocytosis (decrease in the number of white blood cells [eg, neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils]). Reactions observed with agranulocytosis include hay fever, sore throat, skin rash, fever, or headache Other major reactions include exfoliative dermatitis, granulocytopenia, aplastic anemia, hypoprothrombinemia, and hepatitis. Minor reactions, such as nausea, vomiting, and paresthesias, also may be seen. 

Stevens-Johnson syndrome, a severe erythema, was seen in five people occupationally exposed to trichloroethylene for 2-5 weeks at levels ranging from 19 to 164 ppm (Phoon et al. 1984). The study authors suggested that the erythema was caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to trichloroethylene. An exfoliative dermatitis (Goh and Ng 1988) and scleroderma (Czirjak et al. 1993), also thought to have an immune component, have been reported in persons occupationally exposed to trichloroethylene. 

Figure 16. Model In PC based electrolytes, solvent co-intercalation, gas formation and crevice formation in polycrystalline graphite materials are inter-related reactions. In fact, there is a subsequence of reactions (1) PC co-intercalation, (2) gas formation, (3) crevice formation ultimately resulting in exfoliation and macroscopic destruction of graphite [40],...

Kaschak, D.M., Jhonson, S.A., Hooks, D.E., Kim, H.-N., Ward, M.D. and Mallouk, T.E. (1998) Chemistry on the edge A microscopic analysis of the intercalation exfoliation, edge functionalization and monolayer surface tiling reactions of alpha-zirconium phosphate. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 120, 10887-10894. 

The kinetics of PAA, synthesized from 4,4 -oxydianiline and pyromellitic dianhydride, solid-state imidization both in filler absence and with addition of 2 phr Na+-montmorillonite was studied [1], The nanofiller was treated by solution of P-phenylenediamine in HC1 and then washed by de-ionized water to ensure a complete removal of chloride ions. The conversion (imidization) degree Q was determined as a function of reaction duration t with the aid of Fourier transformation of IR-spectra bands 726 and 1014 cm 1. The samples for FTIR study were obtained by spin-coating of PAA/Na+-montmorillonite mixture solution in N,N-dimethylacetamide on KBr disks, which then were dried in vacuum for 48 h at 303 K. It was shown, that the used in paper [1] method gives exfoliated nanocomposites. The other details of nanocomposites polyimid/Na+-montmorillonite synthesis and study in paper [1] were adduced. The solid-state imidization process was made at four temperatures 7) 423, 473, 503 and 523 K. 

The Mystery of Exfoliation. However, all of the above models that recognize surface reactions as the film formation path were strongly challenged by the results of the comparative studies carried out by Chung et To explore the origin of graphite... 

Other adverse reactions include nausea diarrhea pyrexia dermatitis exfoliative dermatitis urticaria alopecia sore mouth mouth ulcers fever abdominal cramping leukopenia red-orange urine priapism (causal relationship not established) paralytic ileus and intestinal obstruction from submucosal or intramural hemorrhage. 

Other-Fever, flushing hyperglycemia inappropriate antidiuretic hormone syndrome rash alopecia. Ethylenediamine in aminophylline can cause sensitivity reactions, including exfoliative dermatitis and urticaria. Cardiovascular Palpitations tachycardia extrasystoles hypotension circulatory failure life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. 

Hypersensitivity reactions Discontinue at first appearance of skin rash or other signs of allergic reactions. In some instances, rash may be followed by more severe hypersensitivity reactions such as exfoliative, urticarial or purpuric lesions, or Stevens-Johnson syndrome, generalized vasculitis, irreversible hepatotoxicity and rarely, death. 

Adverse reactions may include drowsiness ataxia dizziness slurred speech headache vertigo weakness impairment of visual accommodation euphoria overstimulation paradoxical excitement nausea vomiting diarrhea palpitations tachycardia various arrhythmias syncope hypotensive crises allergic/idiosyncratic reactions leukopenia acute nonthrombocytopenic purpura petechiae ecchymoses eosinophilia peripheral edema fever hyperpyrexia chills angioneurotic edema bronchospasm oliguria anuria anaphylaxis erythema multiforme exfoliative dermatitis stomatitis proctitis Stevens-Johnson syndrome bullous dermatitis paresthesias agranulocytosis aplastic anemia thrombocytopenic purpura. 

Allergic symptoms include urticaria angioneurotic edema laryngospasm bronchospasm hypotension vascular collapse death maculopapular to exfoliative dermatitis vesicular eruptions erythema multiforme reactions resembling serum sickness (eg, chills, fever, edema, arthralgia, arthritis, malaise) laryngeal edema skin rashes prostration. 

CNS - Asthenia, confusion, depression, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nystagmus, peripheral neuropathy (see Warnings), psychotic reactions, vertigo. Dermatologic Erythema multiforme (including Stevens-Johnson syndrome), exfoliative dermatitis (rare) transient alopecia. 

The following reactions are less frequent Cochlear ototoxicity (deafness) exfoliative... 

Skin - Severe, occasionally fatal dermatologic reactions, including toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, exfoliative dermatitis, skin necrosis, and erythema multiforme, have been reported within days of methotrexate administration. 

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