Excretion in milk

In a review of data on occupational chemicals that may contaminate breast milk (Byczkowski et al. 1994), it is stated that lead may be excreted in milk in amounts lethal to the infant and that the metal may be mobilized from bone stores to milk during the lactation period. Even when the concentration of lead in mother s milk is low, the absorption of metals into the systemic circulation of infants is generally high when they are on a milk diet. To better understand the sensitivity of the nursing infant to chemicals, epidemiological studies, chemical monitoring, and model development and application are needed. 

The answer is e. (Hardman, pp 16-17.) The amounts of drugs that are excreted in milk are small compared with those that are excreted by other routes, but drugs in milk may have significant, undesired pharmacologic effects on breast-fed infants. The principal route of excretion of the... 

In addition to the above studies, a number of studies examining the pharmacokinetics of the test material need to be conducted to show whether the drug crosses the placenta, whether it is excreted in milk and whether pregnancy affects absorption, distribution, metabolism or excretion. 

Lactation Studies in rats have shown that clopidogrel and its metabolites are excreted in milk. It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human breast milk. Chiidren Safety and efficacy have not been established. 

Lactation Hyoscyamine is excreted in breast milk other anticholinergics (especially atropine) may be excreted in milk, causing infant toxicity, and may reduce milk production. 

Milk contains trace amounts of SOD which has been isolated and characterized it appears to be identical to the bovine erythrocyte enzyme. SOD inhibits lipid oxidation in model systems. The level of SOD in milk parallels that of XO (but at a lower level), suggesting that SOD may be excreted in milk in an attempt to offset the pro-oxidant effect of XO. However, the level of SOD in milk is probably insufficient to explain observed differences in the oxidative stability of milk. The possibility of using exogenous SOD to retard or inhibit lipid oxidation in dairy products has been considered. 

Excretion in milk occurs to a limited extent, and the concentrations attained are lower that those detected in plasma. No detectable residues were found in cow milk at 24, 48, or 72 h after a 5 day intramuscular treatment of 1.75 mg/kg bw, or intramammary infusions of 50 mg of the drug in one or the four quarters of the udder. 

Accumulated in body fat and adipose tissues and excreted in milk Toxic for fish and aquatic organisms 5.946 Insecticide... 

After birth the infant can be affected by toxic substances taken up by the lactating mother and excreted into the milk. Different drugs and environmental polluting chemicals have been shown to be excreted in milk. Clinically prescribed drugs normally do not reach high levels in breast milk, but there are exceptions. Especially chemicals which cannot be metabolized by the infant may occur in high levels, and thus become potentially harmful (refs. 64, 65). 

In general, most of the herbicides are only moderately to slightly toxic to fish, having median tolerance limits (Tim) generally above 1 p.p.m. A few, however, exhibit Tims well below 1 p.p.m. When fed to dairy and meat animals at dietary concentrations of several parts per million, the herbicides, in general, are not excreted in milk and do not accumulate in tissues. While this seems to be the case for the herbicide per se, the metabolites of many of the herbicides have not been fully investigated. 

Botulism neurotoxins bind with synaptic vesicular proteins and block the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic membrane (Osborne et al, 2007). Clinical signs of botulism are weakness, tremors, recumbency, laryngeal paresis, and other signs of nervous system dysfunction (Braun et al, 2005). Botulism toxins do not appear to be excreted in milk (Galey et al, 2000). 

The metabolite is eliminated mainly in urine and feces it is also excreted in milk. In humans, inorganic mercury compounds have two elimination half-lives one lasts for days or weeks and the other much longer. 

The residues depleted to 0.04 ppb (mean) 48 hours after administration. After the first dose administration (Injection 1), the mean concentration of residues In the 0-12 hour period was 1.81 0.61 ppb (Table I). The total residues excreted In milk up to 48 hours after administration was less than IX of the total dose administrated. The concentration of S-Luprost1ol and/or Its equivalent In milk In the first 12 hours after the administration of Injection 2 are given In Table II. 

An average of 1-2% of ingested aflatoxin Bi is excreted in milk as aflatoxin Mi (Rodricks and Stoloff, 1977 Patterson et al, 1980 Lafont et al, 1980). The carryover level varies between animals, from day to day and between milkings for the same animal. 

Spyker-Cranmer et al. 1982). These studies suggested to the investigators that in utero and/or neonatal exposure to chlordane suppressed cell-mediated immunity, as manifested by depressed delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in the offspring of treated mice. There was no effect on humoral-mediated immunity. It is likely that the nursing pups continued to be exposed to chlordane because chlordane is excreted in milk (see Section 2.3). 

Breastfeeding does not eliminate the concern for infant exposure to hormones. Oral contraceptive hormones are excreted in milk, and cohorts have been followed long term to ensure that the concentrations seen do not change the onset or course of puberty. Any substance added to an infant formula that may change secretion or function of growth or sex hormones may require follow-up through adolescence. 

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