Evolving meaning

Despite the weakness and short-range nature of protein-lipid and lipid-lipid interactions, cells have nevertheless evolved means of laterally assembling into membrane-mi-crodomains. Sphingolipid-cholesterol rafts serve to recmit a specific set of membrane proteins and exclude others [24]. Caveolae are deeply invaginated raft domains that are stabilized by caveolin protein oligomers (binding cholesterol) [25]. 

Eubacterium acidaminophilum not only reductively deaminates glycine to ammonia and acetate but also expresses enzymes capable of reductively deaminating sarcosine and betaine when cells are cultured in the presence of formate (Hormann and Andreesen 1989). One would expect that the enzymes catalyzing the latter two reactions might be similar to GR. In fact, the substrate-specific protein B for sarcosine reductase was purified and found to be similar to GR protein B from C. sticklandii (Meyer et al. 1995). Apparently, this organism has evolved means to use different amino acids as electron acceptors and preferentially expresses each in response to conditions in the environment. 

The rate of phase separation after extraction in AOT-RMs is slow [167]. Keeping this in view, there is a need to study in detail the phase separation kinetics of this reverse micellar system in order to evolve means to enhance the phase separation rate. This is a very important aspect as far as industrial adaptability of RME is concerned, since the slower separation rate may become a bottleneck as in the case of ATPE. One possible approach to enhance phase separation is the application of external fields such as electric, acoustic, and microwave to reverse micellar systems. These are shown to enhance the phase separation rate in the case of ATPE [346-348]. Employing reverse micellar systems which phase separate quickly without the need for any external effort could also be a plausible solution. Some examples of such systems are DTDPA-RMs [237], sugar esters DK-F-110 RMs [239], and NaDEHP-RMs [167,243]. 

Organisms have effectively adapted to their aqueous environment and have evolved means of exploiting the unusual properties of water. The high specific heat of water (the heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C) is useful to cells and or-... 

The more one puts into a chemical label the harder it is for a worker to perceive its elements and evolve meaning. This suggests that clutter may have a significant negative effect on the value of a chemical hazard label. 

Our standard control in these studies is vanilla extract in water. The control generally elicits a low level of interest, mainly sniffs and checks. We interpret this as interest in an odor source but not one with a meaningful signal (i.e., with evolutionarily evolved meaning). Female Asian elephants often show about the same interest in luteal urine as our control. However, luteal urine does evoke place and flehmen response on occasion, whereas, the control does not (Slade et al., 2003). Luteal urine probably contains cues on sender identity, but chemicals either specific to or more abundant in follicular urine reveal reproductive readiness. 

If the process is carried out at constant volume, the heat evolved Qi will be equal to an energy change AE2 or, per mole of adsorbate, qi = Ae2 (small capital letters will be used to denote mean molar quantities). Alternatively, the process may be... 

The result of this approximation is that each mode is subject to an effective average potential created by all the expectation values of the other modes. Usually the modes are propagated self-consistently. The effective potentials governing die evolution of the mean-field modes will change in time as the system evolves. The advantage of this method is that a multi-dimensional problem is reduced to several one-dimensional problems. 

The procedure Merge transforms the internal displacement coordinates and momenta, the coordinates and velocities of centers of masses, and directional unit vectors of the molecules back to the Cartesian coordinates and momenta. Evolve with Hr = Hr(q) means only a shift of all momenta for a corresponding impulse of force (SISM requires only one force evaluation per integration step). 

Dissolve 15 ml. (15-4 g.) of aniline in a mixture of 40 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 40 ml. of water contained in a 250 ml. conical flask. Place a thermometer in the solution, immerse the flask in a mixture of ice and water, and cool until the temperature of the stirred solution reaches 5°. Dissolve I2 5 g. of powdered sodium nitrite in 30 ml. of water, and add this solution in small quantities (about 2-3 ml. at a time) to the cold aniline hydrochloride solution, meanwhile keeping the latter well stirred by means of a thermometer. Heat is evolved by the reaction, and therefore a short interval should be allowed between consecutive additions of the sodium nitrite, partly to allow the temperature to fall again to 5°, and partly to ensure that the nitrous acid formed reacts as completely as possible with the aniline. The temperature must not be allowed to rise above 10°, otherwise appreciable decomposition of the diazonium compound to phenol will occur on the other hand, the temperature... 

Sodium mlphanilate.—Burns with difficulty, leaving a residue of (chiefly) sodium sulphide. Add dil. HCl, and confirm without delay the evolution of HjS by means of a filter-pa per moistened with lead acetate solution. Typical of salts of the sulphonic acids. Acetone sodium bisulphite.—Almost non-inflammable, leaving a colourless residue of sodium sulphite and sulphate. Transfer residue to a test-tube, add dil. HCl, warm, and confirm the SO2 evolved. 

Metallic sodium. This metal is employed for the drying of ethers and of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons. The bulk of the water should first be removed from the liquid or solution by a preliminary drying with anhydrous calcium chloride or magnesium sulphate. Sodium is most effective in the form of fine wire, which is forced directly into the liquid by means of a sodium press (see under Ether, Section II,47,i) a large surface is thus presented to the liquid. It cannot be used for any compound with which it reacts or which is affected by alkalis or is easily subject to reduction (due to the hydrogen evolved during the dehydration), viz., alcohols, acids, esters, organic halides, ketones, aldehydes, and some amines. 

Anhydrous sodium sulphide. The hydrated salt, NajS.QH O, is heated in a Pyrex distilling flask or retort in a stream of hydrogen or of nitrogen until water ceases to be evolved. The solid cake of anhydrous sodium sulphide is removed from the vessel with the aid of a copper wire hook or by other suitable means. No attempt should be made to fuse the sodium sulphide since at high temperatiues sodium sulphide is readily oxidised to sodium sulphate. 

The reaction with sodium is by no means an infallible practical test for alcohols since, strictly speaking, it is applicable only to pure anhydrous liquids. Traces of water, present as impurities, would give an initial evolution of hydrogen, but reaction would stop after a time if an alcohol is absent furthermore, certain esters and ketones also evolve hydrogen when treated with sodium (compare Section XI,7,6). It may, however, be assumed that if no hydrogen is evolved in the test, the substance is not an alcohol. 

Hydrolysis may be effected with 10-20 per cent, sodium hydroxide solution (see p-Tolunitrile and Benzonitrile in Section IV,66) or with 10 per cent, methyl alcoholic sodium hydroxide. For diflScult cases, e.g., a.-Naphthoniirile (Section IV,163), a mixture of 50 per cent, sulphuric acid and glacial acetic acid may be used. In alkahne hydrolysis the boiling is continued until no more ammonia is evolved. In acid hydro-lysis 2-3 hours boiling is usually sufficient the reaction product is poured into water, and the organic acid is separated from any unchanged nitrile or from amide by means of sodium carbonate solution. The resulting acid is identified as detailed in Section IV,175. 

Nitrophthalic acid. Equip a 1500 ml. three-necked flask, supported on a water or steam bath, with a dropping funnel, a mechanical stirrer and a thermometer the neck through which the stirrer passes should be open and the stirrer should be cormected by means of a belt to the motor (nitrous fumes are evolved in the subsequent reaction and these would damage the motor if supported directly over the reaction... 

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