Evidence destructive testing

More typically, the failure to preserve evidence can hurt the company in a lawsuit. For example, where a defense expert in a product liability case conducts destructive testing on the product, thereby rendering it unfit or unavailable to the plaintiff s expert, the court may sanction the conduct by excluding the testimony of the defense expert. Alternatively, if crucial documents are destroyed or lost, thejudge may instruct thejury to assume the worst—that the documents contained information harmful to the defendant s position in the litigation. 

To demonstrate, statistically, low failure rates on EED s requires that enormously large number of destructive tests be performed. And separate tests, in large numbers, are required for each new type of EED appearing on the market. It is evident that the destructive method is expensive and time con-sumin g and for this reason, the need for alternative or, at least complimentary techniques, became recognized... 

One recourse is to use low-destructive test methods that can quantify the efficacy of protective agents [27] and provide evidence of improper use or application of the silicone [4, 15, 27, 28, 32, 36, 37], High-resolution microscopy would offer the advantage of visualizing the reasons for failure of hydrophobic treatments just after application, before they became visible very much later when the weathered materials started to fail [38, 39]. Weak areas such as inadequate uptake of the treatment, poor penetration depth, and incompleteness of coating could be documented just after the masonry treatment had been applied. 

After a further 48 hr the third and last stiffener is welded in the same manner as the second but using a preheat of 100 °C. After a further 48 hr the welds are examined, firstly by non-destructive testing methods and then by selective sectioning to establish whether cracking has occurred. This examination provides the fabricator with evidence to justify his use of either no preheat at all or a level below the recommended temperature of 60 °C. The evidence might, of course, justify the original prediction of 60 °C minimum. 

The availability of direct evidence about the durability of laminates in sea water was scanty until fairly recently, when anecdotal evidence from actual vessels which had been subject to destructive testing was supplemented by an increase in laboratory data. The following section exemplifies the kind of information obtained, mainly since the late 1970s. Short et al. [59] exposed GRP laminates to the sea at Bovisand, Plymouth Sound... 

The test with the step loading shows that acoustic activity of the solid adhesive joints in the tested carbon plastic is quite low. The maximum on the endurance area was fixed at the predestructive moment. The last is evidence to the fact that the prevailing defect of the adhesive joints is starting its development at the loading level, which is close to the destruction point. 

Species differences must be considered when choosing a model and, in particular, species-specific immunological differences between the human and the test animal. For example, in humans, an anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (MAb) will bind to CD4 expressed on monocytes, with subsequent fixing of complement and destruction of antigen-presenting cells. However, since CD4 molecules are not expressed on murine monocytes, these effects would not be evident in a murine model. 

Perchloryl fluoride is white as a solid and colorless as a liquid and gas. It possesses a characteristic sweetish odor 92). Its toxicity is moderate and comparable to that of CH2OHCN or Clg. Tests on mice showed an acute vapor toxicity (LD50) of 630 ppm at 4-hr exposure time. Exposure of monkeys to 40 ppm FClOs in air for 3 months resulted in enlarged spleens and lungs together with some evidence of red cell destruction 222). 

Owing to the specific type of action, the method has no use in mineral testing (small surfaces), but being a non-destructive method it is recommended for estimation of rocks used for lining. Specified in Table 4.4.6 are Shore hardness values selected from among 179 measurements of various rocks in the Soviet Union, published by Baron (1973). As evidence... 

About 10 g of food or 10 ml of drink (which may be all that is available) is adequate, providing that there is some guide to the nature of the poison. However, this would not be sufficient for twenty or thirty individual colour tests. A drug screen alone is not sufficient, unless the circumstantial evidence indicates that the intention was to dope rather than to poison the victim. The method must utilise techniques which are non-destructive and eliminate large numbers of compounds. 

---