Event Consequences

The possible consequences of a system failure event can be quantified in terms of the possible loss of lives and property damage, and the degradation of the environment caused by the occurrence of the failure event (Smith (1985, 1992)). Experts of the particular operating situation normally quantify these elements in monetary terms. Quantifying human life in monetary terms could be difficult as it involves several moral issues that are constandy debated. Hence, it is normally expressed in terms of the number of fatalities (Henley and Kumamoto (1992)). 

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Most of the screening tools and assessment methods discussed in this book rely upon estimates of event consequences, event frequencies, or both. These estimates, in turn, are based upon interpretations of site-specific conditions as well as a determination of which events (of many possible events) are to be considered evaluation-case events. Each step in the evaluation process has the potential to introduce uncertainty into the overall building assessment. As discussed in Reference 87 ... 

The unstable nuclei in a radioactive sample do not all decay simultaneously. Instead, the decay of a given nucleus is an entirely random event. Consequently, studies of radioactive decay events require the use of statistical methods. With these methods, one may observe a large number of radioactive nuclei and predict with fair assurance that, after a given length of time, a definite fraction of them will have disintegrated but not which ones or when. 

Usually it is better and more effective to remove the hazard and make the facility more intuitively safe. If there is no practical method to remove the hazard, the likelihood (probability) for reducing the event consequences should be considered next. Finally if the probabilities cannot be reduced the consequences should be evaluated with additional protective measures. 

Diacylhydrazine insecticides (tebufenozide, methoxyfenozide, halofenozide, and chroma-fenozide) act as nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists. They bind to specific ecdysteroid receptorbinding proteins, interrupting the normal sequence of events. Consequently, they induce an incomplete precocious molt, resulting in the mortality of the larva. 

Ten to thirty percent of patients progress to cirrhosis after 30 years. Most individuals with chronic HCV in the United States are between the ages of 30 and 49 years and have yet to manifest sequelae of the disease. As a result, the impact of HCV on future health care costs is anticipated to be high. Unfortunately, clinical decisions to treat individual patients are confounded by the inconsistent progression and a lack of ability to predict clinical deterioration. Therapy with pegylated interferons and ribavirin can be very expensive and associated with serious adverse events. Consequently, assessing the cost, benefits, and cost-effectiveness of the various therapies is vital. 

Light therapy is well tolerated, with minor visual complaints being the most freqnently reported event. Consequently, anyone undergoing light therapy shonld receive baseline and periodic eye examinations. 

Quite often the measurement of temperature during the course of an experiment is a continuous process, and, in addition, it is not an isolated event but is to be related to other events. Consequently, it is desirable to have a method of recording the temperature readings over a period of time without operator attention. Many of the thermometers available accommodate this by providing some type of output that is directly related to temperature. 

Therefore pre-marketing trials are limited in information on a drugs full safety profile because they employ too few patients. The "rule of three" slates that to detect an unintended drug effect that occurs with a particular frequency, the number of subjects needed to follow up is 3 times that of the estimated frequency of the event. Consequently if an ADR occurs in 1 in... 

The first step in the exposure mechanism is the loss of an electron from the molecule (Scheme 7.24)/ probably from one of the 2p, orbitals of sulfur this results in a vacancy that is quickly filled from a higher orbital. The lost electron appears eventually in a o- (S—C) bonding orbital, effectively transforaiing the C—S into a weak one-electron bond that can be broken by thermal energy or by excess kinetic energy released in the ionization event. Consequently, the scission yield of poly(afkene sulfones) is very high, which makes these resists very sensitive, both for electron-beam (less than 1 p,C/cm at 10 kV) and for DUV (sensitivity of 5 mJ/cm at 185 nm) lithographic exposures. ... 

The primary distinction between analytical chemistry and radioanalytical chemistry is the nature of the transformations being examined. The analytical chemist is concerned with chemical transformations, brought on by the interaction of an atom s valence electrons with its physical environment. The radioanalytical chemist, on the other hand, is primarily interested in the nuclear transformation of a given atom. For practical purposes, the physical environment of the atom has no effect on the nuclear event. Consequently, many of the instrumental methods of detection most widely utilized in the normal course of analytical characterization have little use in the radioanalytical laboratory. 

In this paper, various anomalies and abnormal operation events occurred during BN-600 reactor operation which are the most important from the safety viewpoint, are reviewed. Successful overcoming of these events consequences and elimination of their sources, as well as reliable and stable operation of the BN-600 reactor during last years makes the ground for affirming large potential and prospects of this direction of the nuclear power. 

Executive summary Terms of reference Reason for selection Sequence of events Consequences Root causes Other hazards Recommendations Attachments... 

These explanations are historical, which means that earlier events affect later events. Consequently in any H-NE, special care must be given to formulating the analysis within the correct chronological order of events and changes. 

Map the banking processes in which the event originates in terms of implemented controls able to detect and/or mitigate the event consequences (Neil et al. 2009)... 

E q)losives storage risk assessment requires the specification of both event consequences and event probabilities. Accidents in explosives are low frequency events, with few realisations, so defining occurrence probabilities for major incidents in explosive storage is problematic. 

Following the IMO resolution (1997), five categories of ICF event consequences are distinguished. Their description is given in Table 1. They are divided into accidents and incidents. Occurrence of a consequence of specific category is an event. The set of events in the version presented in Table 1 is a complete system consisting of disjoint repertory consequences. 

The consequences are cormected with determined losses. They may pertain to people, artefacts and the natural environment. They are expressed in units of a physical and/or financial character. Detailed data on losses are very difficult to obtain, particularly those related to rare events, e.g. consequences of the Cl and C2 category accidents. The data cannot be obtained from experts, as in great majority they have not experienced events where such losses occur. We have to relate the risk only to the ICF type propulsion function loss event consequences. We define the PR as a probability of occurrence of the ICF event consequences during one year in a population of specific type ships operating on a given shipping line. 

Relocation and Resettlement. Relocation and resettlement are protective actions intended to reduce the dose from long-term exposure (months to years) from ground contamination resulting from a plume or other contaminating event. Consequently, decisions on implementation do not need to be made promptly. 

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