Eutrophication and Pollution

Overfishing has seen an escalation to the point that many fisheries have been closed because of lack of profit (ludicello 1999). On the other hand, marine ferming causes eutrophication and pollution ofthe waters. In many tropical areas, shrimp farming is also deleterious to the mangrove forest, which has been destroyed to make space for the farms. The size of the problem is made clear by a ban in India and Honduras to shrimp farming along the coasts. 

So, annual accumulation of nitrogen in the Yellow Sea was 1,229 kt/yr. (+47% from input) and the residence time of nitrogen was 1.5 year. This means that the N content in marine water was doubling every 3 years during 1994-1997. It leads to excessive eutrophication and pollution of the Yellow Sea. 

Tim Beardsley. Death in the Deep. Scientific American. 277 (Nov. 1997) 17-20. Source for nitrogen-caused eutrophication and runoff pollution. 

The European Commission has adopted a Proposal for a Directive on national emissions ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants and a Proposal for a Directive relating to ozone in ambient air. The national emissions ceilings Directive will set individual limits for each Member State s total emissions in 2010 of the four pollutants responsible for acidification, eutrophication and ozone formation in the lower atmosphere sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, VOCs and ammonia. The EU Solvents Directive has been formally adopted by the Commission. 

UNECE (1999) Protocol to the 1979 Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution to abate acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone, http //www.unece.org/env/lrtap/ multi hl.html... 

Hylland, K., M. Skold, J.S. Gunnarsson, and J. Skei. 1997. Interactions between Eutrophication and contaminants. IV. Effects on sediment-dwelling organisms. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 33 90-99. 

The high degree of urbanization of the coastal zone of the Black Sea represents a permanent menace of marine environment pollution. The principal pollution sources include industrial wastes of large cities and their sanitary condition. Rivers also influence the pollution of marine environment. This is especially manifested in shelf regions such as the northwestern part of the Black Sea. Here, the principal manifestations of the influence of the riverine runoff are represented by eutrophication and formation of a near-bottom hypoxy over vast areas. 

It is very important to continue investigation and assessment of the impact of the regional climate change, pollution, eutrophication and other human activities on fish stocks and fishing, as well as impact of fishing on the ecosystem state, and to elaborate measures to protect species and habitats. Development of aquaculture could promote restoration of resources and reduction of a fishing pressure on marine living resources and Black Sea ecosystem. 

Sincere, A. P. (1984). Eutrophication and the fallacy of nihogen removal, in Pollution Engineering. Pudvan Publishing Co. Northbrook, IL. 

Justic, D., Rabalais, N. N., and Turner, R. E. (1995a). Stoichiometric nutrient balance and origin of coastal eutrophication. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 30, 41-46. 

Lyngby, J. E., Mortensen, S., and Ahrensberg, N. (1999). Bioassessment techniques for monitoring of eutrophication and nutrient limitation in coastal ecosystems. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 39, 212-223. 

Although urea has generally low ecotoxicity to organisms, its well documented indirect and long-term effects to the ecosystems, e.g. eutrophication, groundwater pollution, soil acidification and ammonia emissions to air should be considered. When released to soil, this material will hydrolyze into ammonium in a matter of days to several weeks. This material is not anticipated to bioaccumulate - it has a BCF <100. 

Lancelot, C. (1990) Phaeocystis blooms in die continental coastal area of die Channel and die North Sea, in Eutrophication and algal blooms in North Sea coastal zones, the Baltic and adjacent areas prediction and assessment of preventive actions (eds C. Lancelot, G. Billen and H. Barth) Commission of die European Communities, Brussels, Water Pollution Research Report, 12, pp. 27—54. 

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