European mole

Bacterial activity has been shown to be responsible for volatile organic compounds in, among many others, the exocrine secretions of beavers (see above), the anal sacs of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes, and Hon, Panthera leo [85], and the inguinal pouch of the rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus [86]. No bacteria were, however, found in the anal gland of the European mole, T. europaea [87]. 

Albone [88] has discussed the role of bacteria in the production of anal s ecretions of various types in great detail. However, not all the constituents of anal secretions are produced by bacteria. As mentioned earlier, no bacteria could, for example, be found in the anal gland of the European mole, Talpa europaea [87]. 

Gorman ML, Stone RD (1990) Mutual avoidance by European moles. In Macdonald DW, Muller-Schwarze D, Natynczuk SE (eds) Chemical signals in vertebrates V. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 367... 

Buglass AJ, Khazanehdari C, Waterhouse JS (1995) Studies on the anal gland of the European mole. In Apfelbach R, Muller-Schwarze D, Reutter K, Weiler E (eds) Chemical signals in vertebrates VII. Elsevier, Oxford, p 383... 

In European moles, Talpa europaea, a series of carboxylic acids dominates the anal gland secretion of both adult males and anestrous females. These acids disappear in proestrous and estrous females but are present again in pregnant and lactating females. The acids are also absent in juveniles. The anal scent appears to constitute a keep out signal, and its absence in estrous females permits mating (KhazenehdarietaZ., 1996). 

Khazenchdari, C., Buglass, A. J., and Waterhouse, J. S. (1996). Anal gland secretion of European mole volatile constitutuents and significance in territorial maintenance. Journal of Chemical Ecology 22,383-392. 

The EMBL database is maintained by the Hinxton Outstation (Great Britain) of the European Mole-... 

The European mole (l pa eufrqoae. ZeWGermany/Stodf Maiket Reproduced by permission. 

There are about 13 species of Old World moles, all in genus Talpa. The European mole T. europaed) resides in most of Europe and over into central Russia. European moles have been known to turn their molehills into mountains, or at least fortresses, by building quite large stractures above ground. Fortresses are found only in areas that flood regularly. 

Peracid Precursor Systems. Compounds that can form peracids by perhydrolysis are almost exclusively amide, imides, esters, or anhydrides (85). Two compounds were commercially used for laundry bleaching as of 1990. Tetraacetylethylenediarnine (TAED) [10543-57-4] is utilized in over 50% of Western European detergents (5). The perhydrolysis reaction of this compound is shown in equation 19. T A ED generates two moles of peracid and one mole of diacetylethylenediamine per mole of imide (93). 

Approximately 55 different commercial formulations of chlordecone have been prepared since its introduction in 1958 (Epstein 1978). The major form of chlordecone, which was used as a pesticide on food products, was a wettable powder (50% chlordecone) (Epstein 1978). Formulations of chlordecone commonly used for nonfood products were in the form of granules and dusts containing 5% or 10% active ingredient (Epstein 1978). Other formulations of chlordecone contained the following percentages of active ingredient 0.125% (used in the United States in ant and roach traps), 5% (exported for banana and potato dusting), 25% (used in the United States in ant and roach bait), 50% (used to control mole crickets in Florida), and 90% (exported to Europe for conversion to kelevan for use on Colorado potato beetles in eastern European countries) (Epstein 1978). 

The European Union (EU) withdrawal of strychnine marks its end as a method of mole control. The EU Directive 91/414/EEC is midway through an ambitious program to review all pesticides used within Member States. This requires manufacturers to provide health and safety data to... 

Granat s chemical relationship for European rainwater assumes the following sources and acidities/alkalinities sulfuric acid from air pollutants with two equivalents of acidity per mole, nitric acid from air pollutants with one equivalent of acidity per mole, ammonia from air pollutants with one equivalent of alkalinity per mole, sea salt with negligible alkalinity, calcium soil dust with two equivalents of alkalinity per mole, magnesium soil dust with two equivalents of alkalinity per mole, and potassium soil dust with one equivalent of alkalinity per mole(3). Cogbill and Likens added hydrochloric acid air pollutants with one equivalent of acidity per mole for the northeastern United States calculations(4). 

Alkylated phenol. The most commonly used alkylated phenol ethoxylates (APE) have included octyl phenol ethoxylate and nonylphenol ethoxylates with 3-11 moles of EO, which were produced by alkylation of butylene dimer or propylene trimer onto phenol and subsequent ethoxylation. They had been used extensively in laundry and hard surfacecleaning applications in the nonionic form, and as the sulfated and phosphated derivatives of the low-mole ethoxylates in a variety of industrial applications. Concerns over the environmental impact of the partial metabolites generated during the waste treatment of these surfactants has prompted their elimination from European consumer product formulations, and their deformulation from most consumer products in North America and elsewhere in the world. 

Polyoxyalkylene-based fatty alcohols and their alkyl ethers were developed to help manufacturers to cope with European Community legislation [47] and reach desirable antifoaming performance. In this respect, the chain length of fatty alcohol, the number of moles of polyoxyalkylene, and the structure of polyoxy-alkylene are critical to meet both biodegradability and defoaming profile requirements. The use of diethers of polyalkylene oxide diols is mentioned in U.S. patent 3,684,723. 

Commercial applications of the Selexol solvent for simultaneous hydrocarbon dew-point control and natural gas dehydration are de.scribed by Epps (1994). A plant design used in several European installations pretreats natural gas before it enters a molecular sieve unit. The design is intended to meet a treated gas specification of a maximum of 0.50 mole% CO2 and a maximum of 6.5 mole% ethane and heavier components. A plant is de.signed to treat 26 MMsefd of gas at 32"F and 603 psia. Operating data for this plant, given in Table 14-12, show that it meets the CO2 and ethane-plus removal specifications. The plant also reduces the water content of the gas from 75 ppmv to 12 ppmv, decreasing the load on the molecular sieve unit, and removes a major fraction of the sulfur components. 

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