Euphoria, state

Drugs are capable of influencing mood and are liable to be used repeatedly to attain euphoria (state of well-being), withdrawal from reality, and social adjustment. The term drug dependence is not specific and often is used vaguely. 

Studies of the intoxicating effects of toluene showed that the inhalation of its vapor at a concentration of 200 ppm was associated with the development of mild-to-moderate intoxication, characterized by sedation, paresthesias, and hyporeflexia. Toluene vapor concentrations of 600-800 ppm induced a confusional state, whereas greater concentrations produced an intense euphoria (Benignus 1981 Press and Done 1967). In humans, plasma concentrations of toluene of 10-100 pM have been reported to be intoxicating these concentrations are close to the intoxicating concentrations of alcohol and in-halational anesthetics (Miller 1985). 

Common adverse reactions seen with phentermine use include heart palpitations, tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, stimulation, restlessness, dizziness, insomnia, euphoria, dysphoria, tremor, headache, dry mouth, constipation, and diarrhea. Phentermine should be avoided in patients with unstable cardiac status, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, agitated states, or glaucoma. In combination with fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine, pulmonary hypertension and valvular heart disease have been reported. The risk of developing either serious adverse effect cannot be ruled out with use of phentermine alone. Since phentermine is related to the amphetamines, the... 

A classic example of a medicinal plant of Asia and the Pacific with GABAergic properties is Piper methysticum Forst. (Kava, British Pharmaceutical Codex, 1934), or kava-kava, the rhizomes of which have been used since a very early period of time by Polynesians to allay anxiety and reduce fatigue. Kava has been marketed in Europe to treat sleep disorders and anxiety. The beverage normally induces a form of euphoria, described as a happy state of complete comfort and peace, with ease of conversation... 

Slight impairment of balance, speech, vision, reaction time, and hearing. Euphoria. Judgment and self-control are reduced, and caution, reason, and memory are impaired. It is illegal to operate a motor vehicle in some states at this level. 

Users of fentanyl analogues report that these drugs produce a rapid rush or euphoria that is similar to that felt with heroin, followed by a sedated, dream-like state. As analgesics, they also produce a profound loss of pain sensation and have common unwanted side effects such as sleepiness and constipation. However, because they are so potent, fentanyl analogues can... 

Adverse reactions include the following anorexia, apprehension, body/joint pain, chest pains, confusion, confusional states/memory impairment, congestion, constipation, coordination disorders, cramps/pain, depression, diarrhea, dreaming/nightmares, dry mouth, dysesthesia, euphoria, Gl pain, GU complaints, headache, heartburn, insomnia, irritability, lack of concentration, nausea, nervousness, palpitations, paresthesia, relaxed feeling, restlessness, tachycardia, taste alterations, tinnitus, tiredness, tremor, vomiting, weakness. 

Kava appears to act somewhat like an herbal tranquilizer to produce a calm, relaxed state, often with mild euphoria. At recommended doses it has little effect on cognitive performance. Although it is safe for most adults, prolonged or excessive use may create psychological dependency and health problems. 

Though some differences between CNS depressant drugs do exist, as a group the effects induced are very similar. They cause a state of intoxication, with signs and symptoms of euphoria, mental confusion, loss of motor coordination, blurred vision, slurred speech, nausea, vomiting, impaired judgment, decreased attention span, and amnesia. The drugs also decrease blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration. 

Mixed manic states can be characterized as the simultaneous presence of both a depressive and manic episode, meeting full criteria for both mood syndromes (except for duration) nearly every day for at least one week. This may be a relatively common occurrence, as noted earlier in the data of Goodwin and Jamison (i.e., 71% present with euphoria and 72% with depression), as well as others (30a) (9). Krasuski and Janicak (31, 32) reviewed various models to explain the interaction between mania or hypomania and depression and noted that aggression and anxiety may be important components, in addition to dysphoria, in defining mixed states. 

Clinically, these drugs have hypnotic and relaxant properties. The intoxication is characterized by impeded motor coordination, and the euphoria is not always obvious. To some extent, the attraction of use is more state dependent than in the case of opioids and central stimulants. Diazepam, for instance, is experienced as more rewarding in states of anxiety (negative reinforcement). It is also well known that expectancy factors have a significant role at low blood alcohol concentrations. The low-dose alcohol intake might be experienced as positive to a large extent by what one thinks will happen (Marlatt and Rohsenow 1980). 

Psychosis is a state wherein the victim usually does not function within the "normal" tenets of society. S/he may have extremes of temperament from severe depression to euphoria without apparent cause. S/he may suffer from incorrect ideas, that is. illusions and delusions, or actually see and hear things which are not there (hallucinations). In other words, there is a noticeable absence of reality. Schizoid personalities are withddrawn, solitary, emotionally cold and distant. The fantasies they experience may be a way of coping. Misconceptions about the diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia have led to the abandonment of thousands of mentally incapacitated to the streets without the care they need. 

Most cases don t involve criminal activity the poisonings can be attributed to the allure of the drug high. Teenagers have discovered that ingesting Jimson weed seeds or drinking tea brewed from the plant can induce a state of euphoria accompanied by hallucinations. A few have also discovered another possible effect of this practice. 

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