Euphoria

Opiates are useful analgesics because they reduce pain sensation without blocking feeling or other sensations. However, they also affect mood, iaduce euphoria, reduce mental acuity, and iaduce physical dependence. They can be immunosuppressive and dismpt other homeostatic processes through... 

Acute benzene poisoning results in CNS depression and is characterized by an initial euphoria followed by staggered gait, stupor, coma, and convulsions. Exposure to approximately 4000 ppm benzene results in complete loss of consciousness. Insomnia, agitation, headache, nausea, and drowsiness may persist for weeks after exposure (126). Continued inhalation of benzene to the point of euphoria has caused irreversible encephalopathy with tremulousness, emotional lability, and diffuse cerebral atrophy (125). In deaths arising from acute exposure, respiratory tract infection, hypo- and hyperplasia of sternal bone marrow, congested kidneys, and cerebral edema have been found at autopsy. 

Opioids G-protein coupled p-, 5-, k-receptors l cAMP l Ca2+ currents t K+ currents l Excitability of peripheral and central neurons l Release of excitatory neurotransmitters p, 5 sedation, nausea, euphoria/re-ward, respiratory depression, constipation k dysphoria/aversion, diuresis, sedation... 

They act as analgesics by inhibiting release of nociceptive neurotransmitters from primary afferent terminals as well as by depressing post-synaptic potentials on second order neurons. Opioid receptors are also present on some nociceptors and their expression and peripheral transport is increased upon peripheral inflammation. Peripheral opioid analgesia has been established in animal models. Although clinical studies have yielded mixed results so far, this field holds great promise. Despite side effects, such as euphoria, dysphoria, sedation, respiratory depression and obstipation and tolerance and dependence phenomena which arise upon... 

Psychostimulants are drugs that substantially influence cognitive and affective functioning and behaviors. Effects are increased motivational desire, agitation, heightened vigilance, euphoria, hyperactivity, and... 

Nicotine differs from cocaine in that it is powerfully reinforcing in the absence of subjective euphoria. The high incidence of cancerogenicity associated with longterm tobacco use is associated with compounds other than nicotine that are also contained in tobacco. Main... 

Central nervous system-euphoria, drowsiness, apathy, mental confusion, alterations in mood, reduction in body temperature, feelings of relaxation, dysphoria (depression accompanied by anxiety), nausea, and vomiting are caused by direct stimulation of the emetic chemoreceptors located in the medulla. The degree to which these occur usually depends on the drug and the dose. 

Central nervous system—euphoria, weakness, headache, pinpoint pupils, insomnia, agitation, tremor, and impairment of mental and physical tasks... 

The CNS stimulants include the analeptics, drugs tiiat stimulate the respiratory center of the CNS the amphetamines, drugs witii a high abuse potential because of dieir ability to produce euphoria and wakefulness and the anorexiants, drugs used to suppress die appetite... 

Use of codeine may result in respiratory depression, euphoria, light-headedness, sedation, nausea, vomiting, and hypersensitivity reactions. The more common adverse reactions associated with the antitussives are listed in the Summary Drug Table Antitussive, Mucolytic, and Expectorant Drugs. When used as directed, nonprescription cough medicines containing two or more ingredients have few adverse reactions. However, those that contain an antihistamine may cause drowsiness. 

Central nervous system—mental depression, mood swings, insomnia, psychosis, euphoria, nervousness, and headaches ... 

Affects mood and possibly causes neuronal or brain excitability, causing euphoria, anxiety, depression, psychosis, and an increase in motor activity in some individuals... 

The benzodiazepines currently available for clinical use vary substantially in pharmacokinetics, acute euphoriant effects, and frequency of reported dependence. It is likely, therefore, than not all benzodiazepines have the same potential for abuse. Diazepam, lorazepam, and alprazolam may have greater abuse potential than chlordiazepoxide and clorazepate (Wolf et al. 1990). Similarly, oxazepam has been reported to produce low levels of abuse (Eliding 1978). Jaffe et al. (1983) found that in recently detoxified alcoholic patients, halazepam produces minimal euphoria even at a supratherapeutic dosage. The development of partial agonist and mixed agonist/antagonist compounds at the benzodiazepine receptor complex may offer an advantage over approved benzodiazepines for use in alcoholic patients. 

Although many who experiment with opioids experience euphoria or symptom rehef with the first use, some experimenters use these drugs only a few times and then avoid further use because of an awareness of the risks or because of unpleasant side effects such as nausea or vomiting. Even for those... 

Barbiturates create a sense of relaxation, reduce tensions, and induce euphoria as measured by standardized scales. Concentration is greatly reduced, as is judgment, and irritability often results. Chronic use slurs speech and leads to incoherence, staggered gait, and tremors. 

A wide variety of perceptual, cognitive, and emotional experiences may be encountered after the use of PCP. Abusers seek euphoria, which develops within minutes after smoking and is accompanied by a sense of warmth and numbness, as well as unusual delusions and hallucinations. 

Psychiatric signs euphoria, dysphoria, agitation, hallucinations, delusions, aggression, violence, bizarre behavior, schizophrenia-like body trip ... 

Taken for recreational use as an intoxicant, typical acute effects described by misusers are euphoria, relaxation, and increased sexuality (Galloway et al. 1997 Miotto et al. 2001). On the street, GHB is taken in capfuls or teaspoons of a salty/sour liquid, which because of variations in concentration, may range in dose from 0.5 to 5.0 g. Common side effects are nausea, headache, itching, and vomiting (Borgen et al. 2003). Doses of 10—20 mg/kg of GHB typically... 

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