Etiological effects

Anxiety and insomnia are prevalent symptoms with multiple etiologies. Effective treatments are available, but they vary by diagnosis. In most instances, the best course of action is to treat the underlying disorder rather than reflexively to institute treatment with a nonspecific anxiolytic. 

Long-Term Effects Etiologic Effects Variables of Toxic Effects Dose/Response Susceptible Target Organs Exposure Rate... 

One of the most important research advances since World War II is the delineation of the chief mechanism of the etiologic effect of dietary lipid on atherogenesis. This has been the demonstration - as illustrated in the last three figures - that populations differing in habitual intake of saturated fat and cholesterol also differ markedly in serum cholesterol levels, i.e., interpopulation levels of these two sets of variables are highly correlated. So also are dietary saturated fat-cholesterol intake and coronary heart rates, and serum cholesterol level and coronary heart disease rates. 

Urethane [51-79-6] (ethyl carbamate) occurs as a natural by-product in fermented products such as wine, Hquors, yogurt, beer, bread, oHves, cheeses, and soy sauces. Whereas urethane has a known cancer etiology in experimental animals, no such relationship has yet been proven in humans (108,109). Alcohol may act by blocking the metaboHsm of urethane, and thus exert a protective effect in humans consuming alcohoHc beverages (110). 

Clinically Efficacy. It is evident from the mechanism of action of antihistamines and the etiology of allergic diseases that antihistamines in no sense achieve a cure of the patient s allergy. After the adrninistration of a therapeutic dose, a temporal blockade of the effects of histamine is obtained. Whereas classical antihistamines needed at least twice daily adrninistration, for most of the more recently introduced agents adrninistration once daily is sufficient. 

There ate many classes of anticonvulsant agent in use, many associated with side effect HabiUties of unknown etiology. Despite many years of clinical use, the mechanism of action of many anticonvulsant dmgs, with the exception of the BZs, remains unclear and may reflect multiple effects on different systems, the summation of which results in the anticonvulsant activity. The pharmacophore stmctures involved are diverse and as of this writing there is htde evidence for a common mechanism of action. Some consensus is evolving, however, in regard to effects on sodium and potassium channels (16) to reduce CNS excitation owing to convulsive episodes. 

Insomnia complaints are common in the general population and can be dichotomized into problems of delayed sleep onset and those related to sleep maintenance. Increasing attention is being focused on the adverse daytime effects of insomnia. Sleep disturbances become more common with increased age and are more prevalent in women. Sleep complaints arise from very diverse etiologies which prominently include concomitant primary... 

Ascorbic acid also forms soluble chelate complexes with iron (142—145). It seems ascorbic acid has no effect on high iron levels found in people with iron overload (146). It is well known, in fact, that ascorbic acid in the presence of iron can exhibit either prooxidant or antioxidant effects, depending on the concentration used (147). The combination of citric acid and ascorbic acid may enhance the iron load in aging populations. Iron overload may be the most important common etiologic factor in the development of heart disease, cancer, diabetes, osteoporosis, arthritis, and possibly other disorders. The synergistic combination of citric acid and ascorbic acid needs further study, particularly because the iron overload produced may be correctable (147). 

In 1919, Huldschinski (8) realized that uv light cured rickets and impacted on its etiology. The uv light and codHver oil were found to be usehil in the treatment of the disease, and irradiation of food produced the same effect as irradiation of the animal. The link between irradiation and plant materials led to the conclusion that ergosterol was an antirachitic substance, and an extensive effort was made to characterize the chemistry of irradiated ergosterol. 

Cefuroxime (35) is effective against community-acquired pneumonia in which ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influence is the probable etiologic agent. Cefoxitin (23) is used to treat mixed aerobic—anaerobic infections including pelvic infections, intra-abdorninal infections, and nosocomial aspiration pneumonia. Cefonicid (31), because of its long half-life has been used in a once-a-day regimen to treat a variety of mild to moderate infections including community-acquired pneumonias, urinary tract infections, and infections of the skin and soft tissue (132,215). 

Copen WA, Schwamm LH, Gonzalez RG, Wu O, Harmath CB, Schaefer PW, Koroshetz WJ, Sorensen AG. Ischemic stroke effects of etiology and patient age on the time course of the core apparent diffusion coefficient. Radiology 2001 221 27-34. 

RESPONSE We do not understand all there is to know about the mechanisms of MPTP neurotoxicity, but it seems to involve MPP+, which is potentially cytotoxic to all cells but that attains toxic concentrations after MPTP administration only in cells that concentrate MPP+. Dopamine apparently is not involved in the neurotoxic effects of MPTP. I am attracted to the idea that dopamine itself may be involved in the etiology of Parkinson s disease, that dopamine neurons may be at risk because of the nature of their neurotransmitter. 

---