Ethylene surfactants

KUN Kunieda, H., Kaneko, M., Lopez-Quintela, M.A., and Tsukahara, M., Phase behavior of a mixture of poly(isoprene)-poly(oxyethylene) diblock copolymer and poly(oxy-ethylene) surfactant in water, Langmuir, 20, 2164, 2004. 

Mitchell, D.J., Tiddy, G.J.T., Waring, L., Bostock, T, and Macdonald, M.P., Phase behaviour of polyoxy ethylene surfactants with water, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I, 79, 975, 1983. 

The present contribution is focussed on the relation between chain packing and mesophase structure in liquid crystalline mixtures of phospholipids with alkyl polyfoxy-ethylene) surfactants. These compounds are frequently... 

The extent of solubilization of benzoic acid by several n-hexadecylpolyoxy-ethylene surfactants of varying ethylene oxide chain length showed an apparent increase with increasing temperature [163]. However, benzoic acid has an appreciable water solubility which also increases with temperature and this is, of course, a contributing factor towards the overall increase in the amount of benzoic acid taken into solution. Allowance for this effect was made by expressing the solubilization data in terms of the micelle/water distribution coefficient, P ,. Table 5.21 shows a minimum in at about 300 K. The decrease in below this... 

Me3CCH2CMe2C H40H. M.p. 8l-83"C, b.p. 286-288°C. Made by alkylation of phenol. Forms oil-soluble resins with methanal (salts used as oil additives) and surfactants (with ethylene oxide). 

Three generations of latices as characterized by the type of surfactant used in manufacture have been defined (53). The first generation includes latices made with conventional (/) anionic surfactants like fatty acid soaps, alkyl carboxylates, alkyl sulfates, and alkyl sulfonates (54) (2) nonionic surfactants like poly(ethylene oxide) or poly(vinyl alcohol) used to improve freeze—thaw and shear stabiUty and (J) cationic surfactants like amines, nitriles, and other nitrogen bases, rarely used because of incompatibiUty problems. Portiand cement latex modifiers are one example where cationic surfactants are used. Anionic surfactants yield smaller particles than nonionic surfactants (55). Often a combination of anionic surfactants or anionic and nonionic surfactants are used to provide improved stabiUty. The stabilizing abiUty of anionic fatty acid soaps diminishes at lower pH as the soaps revert to their acids. First-generation latices also suffer from the presence of soap on the polymer particles at the end of the polymerization. Steam and vacuum stripping methods are often used to remove the soap and unreacted monomer from the final product (56). 

Lignites and lignosulfonates can act as o/w emulsifiers, but generally are added for other purposes. Various anionic surfactants, including alkylarylsulfonates and alkylaryl sulfates and poly(ethylene oxide) derivatives of fatty acids, esters, and others, are used. Very Httle oil is added to water-base muds in use offshore for environmental reasons. A nonionic poly(ethylene oxide) derivative of nonylphenol [9016-45-9] is used in calcium-treated muds (126). 

Poly(propylene oxide) [25322-69-4] may be abbreviated PPO and copolymers of PO and ethylene oxide (EO) are referred to as EOPO. Diol poly(propylene oxide) is commonly referred to by the common name poly(propylene glycol) (PPG). Propylene oxide [75-56-9] and poly(propylene oxide) and its copolymers, with ethylene oxide, have by far the largest volume and importance in the polyurethane (PUR) and surfactant industry compared to all other polyepoxides. Articles reviewing propylene oxide (1), poly(propylene oxide) (2—4), other poly(aIkylene oxides) (4), and polyurethanes (5—7) are cited to lead the interested reader to additional detail not in the scope of this article. 

Etherification. Many of the mono alkylphenols and some of the dialkylphenols are converted into ethoxylates which find commercial apphcation as nonionic surfactants (9). For example, -nonylphenol reacts with ethylene oxide under mild basic conditions. 

The major use of 4-cumylphenol is as a chain terminator for polycarbonates. Its use in place of phenol gives a polycarbonate with superior properties (33). Eor a low molecular weight polycarbonate used for injection-molding appHcations, the use of 4-cumylphenol as a chain terminator significantly lowers the volatiHty of the resin. Other uses of 4-cumylphenol include the production of phenoHc resins, some of which have appHcations in the electronics industry (34). Another appHcation of 4-cumylphenol involves its reaction with ethylene oxide to form a specialty surfactant. 

High purity 4-dodecylphenol is used to produce specialty surfactants by its reaction with ethylene oxide. The low color of high purity 4-dodecylphenol is important in this appHcation from a standpoint of aesthetics. 4-Dodecylphenol is also used to produce phenoHc resins which are used in adhesive appHcations and printing inks. 4-Dodecylphenol is also used as an epoxy curing catalyst where the addition of 4-dodecylphenol accelerates curing of the epoxy resin to a hard, nontacky soHd. 

The only significant use for di-j -butylphenol is a specialty nonionic surfactant produced by reaction with ethylene oxide under base catalysis. This surfactant is registered with EPA for use in emulsifying agrochemicals (see Table 3). 

Ethylene oxide adds to the bis(2-hydtoxyethyl) teitiaiy amine in a random fashion where x y y = n y2. Ethoxylated amines, varying from strongly cationic to very weakly cationic in character, are available containing up to 50 mol of ethylene oxide/mol of amine. Ethyoxylated fatty amine quaternaries, cationic surfactants (both chloride from methyl chloride and acetate from acetic acid), ate also available. 

Long-chain alcohols, such as are obtained by the hydrogenation of coconut oil, polymerization of ethylene, or the 0x0 process (qv), are sulfated on a large scale with sulfur thoxide or chlorosulfuhc acid to acid sulfates the alkaU salts are commercially important as surface-active agents (see Surfactants). Poly(vinyl alcohol) can be sulfated in pyhdine with chlorosulfuhc acid to the hydrogen sulfate (84). 

Carboxylic Acid Esters. In the carboxyflc acid ester series of surfactants, the hydrophobe, a naturally occurring fatty acid, is solubilized with the hydroxyl groups of polyols or the ether and terminal hydroxyl groups of ethylene oxide chains. 

Ethoxylated Anhydrosorbitol Esters. Ethoxylation of sorbitan fatty acid esters leads to a series of more hydrophilic surfactants (Table 19). All hydroxyl groups of sorbitan can react with ethylene oxide. The stmcture of the principal component of a nominal polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate illustrates the composition of these products, where w x y z = 20. 

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