Ethyl sodium electrolysis

Dimethyl and diethyl octadecanedioate have been prepared by the electrolysis of the sodium or potassium salts of methyl or ethyl hydrogen sebacate in water8 or in methanol. ... 

Three common methods of production are described in the literature the action of iodine,1 sodium ethylate,2 or hydriodic acid 3 on iodoform. The last of these three methods has been worked out in more detail and is the one generally recommended for the preparation of methylene iodide in the laboratory. In addition, methylene iodide has been produced by the action of iodine on diazomethane 4 and by electrolysis of iodoacetic acid.5 It may also be made by the action of potassium iodide upon methylene chloride.Sa... 

Glycollie Acid.—If a solution of 30 g. sodium glycollate in 38 cc. water is electrolyzed with a current strength of 1 amp., there are formed chiefly carbonic acid and formaldehyde,. besides a little carbon monoxide, formic acid, and oxygen (Miller and Hofer1). Walker2 obtained aldehyde in the electrolysis of the sodium salt of ethyl glycollic ether. 

In the electrolysis of sodium ethyl methylacetoacetate (50) in DMF one of three main products was 4-ethoxycarbonyl-3,4-dimethylcyclohex-2-enone (53)... 

The alkali metals are made by electrolysis of the fused hydro ddes or fused chlorides. Because of their reactivity, the metals mi st be kept in an inert atmosphere or under oil. The metals are iseful chemical reagents in the laboratory, and they find indnst iai use (especially sodium) in the manufacture of organic chemicals, dyestuffs, and lead tetraethyl (a constituent of ethyl gasoline ). Sodium is used in sodium vapor lamps, and, because of its large heat conductivity, in the Stems of valves of airplane engines, to conduct heat away from the valve heads. Cesium is used in vacuum tubes, to Increase electron emission from filaments. 

Derivation (1) Alkylation of lead-sodium alloy with ethyl chloride (2) electrolysis of an ethyl Grignard reagent with an anode of lead pellets. 

Similarly, electrolysis of ethyl cyanoacetate in the presence of sodium iodide yielded triethyl trani-1,2,3-tricyanocyclopropane-l, 2,3-tricarboxylate. ... 

Ethyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate in acetonitrile containing sodium perchlorate and perchloric acid after pulse-electrolysis with a platinum-iridium anode at 1.5v gave ethyl 7-tert-butyl-2-methylbenzoxazole-5-carboxylate in 73% yield (ref. 106). 

Both TEL and TML may be manufactured either by alkylation of a sodium-lead alloy, or by the electrolysis of an alkyl Grignard reagent. The first process is by far the most important and this will be described in some detail. Fig. 5.3 shows a flow diagram of the processes involved in TEL manufacture. TML is made by an essentially similar route, with the input of methyl chloride in place of ethyl chloride and the addition of a catalyst such as aluminium chloride, with acetone as a diluent. 

Scheme 9.100. A representation of the Kolbe electrolysis of the sodium salt of propanoic acid. The voltage for the electrolysis must be greater than that required for the reduction of water to hydroxide anion (OH") and hydrogen (H2) which occurs at the cathode. It is generally accepted that one electron is lost by the carboxylate anion at the anode to generate a carboxyl radical. The arrows shown on the carboxyl radical (with half-heads) are drawn to account for the apparent movement of one electron (in contrast to the usual cartoons showing two electron arrows) at a time to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and the ethyl radical (CH3CH2 ).The latter dimerizes to butane or loses a hydrogen to a second radical, producing ethane and ethene.

Copolymers of styrene-MA-divinylbenzene have been modified to include ethyl acrylate. Typically, mixtures of the four monomers were polymerized in a casting mold with BPO at 72-75°C. The resulting sheet was heated in aqueous sodium hydroxide at 90-100°C until maximum swelling occurred. This gave a pliable, transparent sheet which could be used as an ion-permselective membrane in cells for the electrolysis of brines. 

From galvanic cell measurements it is concluded that the formation of Pb(C2H5)4 from lead-sodium alloy and ethyl halides is a corrosion process of the alloy in ethyl halide [3] see also Section 1.1.1.2.1, subsections From Alloys and Ethyl Halides and By Electrolysis . 

Fig. 5. Dependence of current passing through dropping electrode after 7 sec electrolysis at constant potential on concentration of ethyl a-broinobutyrate in 0.1 N sodium bromide solution at 27°C [20]. Values of - (s.c.e.) ...

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