Ethanol biomass resources

Liu, Y., Tanaka, S Ethanol fermentation from biomass resources, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 69, 627-642, 2006... 

Chrysler provided E85 FFV capability, at no cost to the customer, in all of its 3.3 liter, V-6 minivans between 1998 and 2002. More than a million of these vehicles were sold. Our competitors adopted similar strategies, and today there are nearly four million FFYs in service in the United States, all capable of running on E85. If a fuel infrastructure and appropriate incentives were in place to encourage these vehicles to run on E85, the United States could reduce its petroleum usage by over 1.5 billion gallons annually (or 100,000 barrels of oil per day) and avoid 7.5 million tons of C02 emissions per year. As more efficient processes for producing ethanol from other biomass resources are perfected, these benefits would increase significantly. 

In addition to producing a liquid fuel such as ethanol, biomass can also be converted into methane. In areas where natural gas resources are scarce, biomass conversion into methane serves as an attractive process, since methane is a very conveniently usable gaseous fuel for domestic energy needs. There have been a number of processes developed for this conversion. 

Biomass gasification technology is most appropriate for large-scale, centralized hydrogen production, due to the nature of handling large amounts of biomass and the required economy of scale for this type of process. Biomass resources can be converted to ethanol, bio-oils, or other liquid fuels... 

Bioethanol produced from biomass resources by fermentation is the most promising biofuel and the starting material of various chemicals. Starch is a cheap, clean, nontoxic, renewable Ccirbon source for bioethanol production [1]. In the process currently employed for industrial-scale ethanol production from starchy materials, starch is first hydrolyzed by adding a liquefying enzyme, a-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1), to avoid gelatinization and then... 

Lin, Y. and Tanaka, S. (2005) Ethanol fermentation from biomass resources current state and prospects. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 69(6), 627-642. 

The utilization of cellulose as the raw material for production of monomers and polymers is reviewed and discussed. As the most abundant nonfood biomass resource on Earth, cellulose can be catalytically depolymerized to glucose, while glucose is a versatile starting material for a large variety of platform chemicals including ethanol, lactic acid, HMF, levulinic acid, sorbitol, succinic acid, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, itaconic acid, glucaric acid, and so oti. These platforms can be used as monomers directly or further converted to polymerizable monomers for polymer synthesis. 

Resources that contain sugars can be used as a feedstock for ethanol fermentation. There are many biomass resources in the world that can be used to produce ethanol by fermentation. According to the traditional approach, they can be divided into three categories - starch, sugar, and cellulose materials-... 

Beech wood chemical composition was previously investigated and presented (Bodirlau et al. 2007), this wood biomass resource comprising cellulose, lignin and ethanol extractives. 

The direct labor inputs for wood biomass resources are 2-30 times greater per million kilocalorie than coal. In addition, a wood-fired steam plant requires 2-5 times more construction workers and 3-7 times more plant maintenance and opOTation workers than a coal-fired plant. Including the labor required to produce corn, about 18 times more labor is required to produce a million kilocalories of ethanol than an equivalent amount of gasoline. 

Lachke A (2002) Biofuel from D-xylose—the second most abundant sugar. Resonance 7(5) 50-58 Li Z, Xiao H, Jiang W, Jiang Y, Yang S (2013) Improvemoit of solvoit production from xylose mother liquor by engineering the xylose metabolic pathway in Clostridium acetobutylicum EA 2018. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 171(3) 555-568. doi 10.1007/sl2010-013-0414-9 Lin Y, Tanaka S (2006) Ethanol fermentation from biomass resources current state and prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 69(6) 627-642... 

In Table 1 som system characteristics essential for understanding vhere risks can be generated in three alcohol-producing systems are compared with each other. Methanol production via gasification of coal has been included to show the difference between a fossil and biomass resource. Methanol production leads to whole-resource utilization something which today is not possible with existing techniques for ethanol production from cellulose-containing plants. Ihe waste streams from ethanol production... 

Because oil and gas ate not renewable resources, at some point in time alternative feedstocks will become attractive however, this point appears to be fat in the future. Of the alternatives, only biomass is a renewable resource (see Fuels frombiomass). The only chemical produced from biomass in commercial quantities at the present time is ethanol by fermentation. The cost of ethanol from biomass is not yet competitive with synthetically produced ethanol from ethylene. Ethanol (qv) can be converted into a number of petrochemical derivatives and could become a significant source. 

Ethanol can also be produced from cellulose (qv) or biomass such as wood (qv), com stover, and municipal soHd wastes (see Euels frombiomass Euels FROMWASTe). Each of these resources has inherent technical or economic problems. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is operating a 2 t/d pilot plant on converting cellulose to ethanol. 

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