Ethane 30, Propane , Butanes

When gases are rich in ethane, propane, butane and heavier hydrocarbons and there is a local market for such products it may be economic to recover these condensable components. Natural gas liquids can be recovered in a number of ways, some of which have already been described in the previous section. However to maximise recovery of the individual NGL components, gas would have to be processed in a fractionation plant. 

Natural gas, depending on its source, contains—besides methane as the main hydrocarbon compound (present usually at >80-90%) — some of the higher homologous alkanes (ethane, propane, butane). In wet gases the amount of C2-C5 alkanes is higher (gas liquids). 

Q-C, Natural gas, methane, ethane, propane, butane, liquefied petroleum gas... 

Irradiation of ethyleneimine (341,342) with light of short wavelength ia the gas phase has been carried out direcdy and with sensitization (343—349). Photolysis products found were hydrogen, nitrogen, ethylene, ammonium, saturated hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, propane, / -butane), and the dimer of the ethyleneimino radical. The nature and the amount of the reaction products is highly dependent on the conditions used. For example, the photoproducts identified ia a fast flow photoreactor iacluded hydrocyanic acid and acetonitrile (345), ia addition to those found ia a steady state system. The reaction of hydrogen radicals with ethyleneimine results ia the formation of hydrocyanic acid ia addition to methane (350). Important processes ia the photolysis of ethyleneimine are nitrene extmsion and homolysis of the N—H bond, as suggested and simulated by ab initio SCF calculations (351). The occurrence of ethyleneimine as an iatermediate ia the photolytic formation of hydrocyanic acid from acetylene and ammonia ia the atmosphere of the planet Jupiter has been postulated (352), but is disputed (353). 

Places Ethane Propane / -Butane /-Butane Pentanes Total... 

Petroleum Gases and Naphtha. Methane is the main hydrocarbon component of petroleum gases. Lesser amounts of ethane, propane, butane, isobutane, and some 0 + light hydrocarbons also exist. Other gases such as hydrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and carbonyl sulfide are also present. 

Plant capacity, t/yr Ethane Propane Butane Naphtha Gas oil... 

The liquid collected at the bottom of the demethanizer tower is a mixture of ethane, propane, butane, and condensate (EPBC), which is taken off in a stream and pumped—as a liquid, at 1,000 psig—to a customer facility. Another part of the EPBC is introduced into a deethanizer tower. The stream of EPBC liquid entering the deethanizer tower is further separated into PBC liquid and pumped to the El Paso Natural Gas facility in Gallup, New Mexico. EP (ethane and propane)... 

LNG—consisting of ethane, propane, butane, and natural gasoline (condensate)—arrives at the plant for upgrading before it is sent to petrochemical plants and refineries as feedstock. Residue gas is sold to the interstate and intrastate pipeline network. MESA, one of the world s major crude helium producers, also delivers helium to a pipeline operated by the U.S. Bureau of Mines. 

Probably the largest natural gas proeessing straddle plant in North Ameriea is BP-Amoeo s Empress, Alberta faeility. Here, EPBC (ethane, propane, butanes, and eondensate) are extraeted as liquids from natural gas before the gas is delivered to the TransCanada and Foothills (Saskatehewan) pipelines (Figure 8-5). The term straddle plant refers to the faet that the plant straddles the natural gas pipeline and extraets liquid eomponents before passing the natural gas further along the pipeline. 

A gas-processing plant, as described in Chapter 9, is designed to recover ethane, propane, butane, and other natural gas liquids from the gas stream. A condensate stabilizer also recovers some portion of these liquids. The colder the temperature of the gas leaving the overhead condenser in a reflux stabilizer, or the colder the feed stream in a cold-feed stabilizer, and the higher the pressure in the tower, the greater the recovery of these components as liquids. Indeed, any stabilization process that leads to recovery of more molecules in the final liquid product is removing those molecules from the gas stream. In this sense, a stabilizer may be considered as a simple form of a gas-processing plant. 

The term gas processing is used to refer to the removing of ethane, propane, butane, and heavier components from a gas stream. They may be fractionated and sold as pure components, or they may be combined and sold as a natural gas liquids mix, or NGL. 

Polyethylene displays good heat resistance in the absence of oxygen in vacuum or in an inert gas atmosphere, up to the temperature of 290°C. Higher temperature brings about the molecular-chain scission followed by a drop in the molecular-weight average. At temperatures in excess of 360°C the formation of volatile decomposition products can be observed. The main components are as follows ethane, propane, -butane, n-pentane, propylene, butenes and pentenes [7]. 

The ability of the rhenium-benzene co-condensate to activate linear- and cyclic- alkanes is quite general. We have co-condensed rhenium atoms with alkane benzene mixtures using the alkanes ethane, propane, butane, 2-methylpropane, neopentane,... 

Heat Release Rate From Fuel Gas. The fuel gas used in these tests was a mixture of natural gas supplied by the local gas company. This gas mixture contains approximately 90 percent methane and small fractions of ethane, propane, butane, C02, and nitrogen, as analyzed by Brenden and Chamberlain (6). Although composition of the gas changes with time, the changes were small in our case. A statistical sample of gross heat of combustion of fuel gas over several months showed a coefficient of variation of 0.7 percent. Also, the gross heat of combustion of natural gas reported by the gas company on the day of the test did not vary significantly from test to test. Thus, we assumed that the net heat of combustion was constant. 

Naturally occurring mixtures of hydrocarbon gases and vapors, the more important of which are methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane and hexane. Natural Gas is lighter than air, non-toxic and contains no poisonous ingredients. Breathing natural gas is harmful when there is not an adequate supply of oxygen in the atmosphere. 

Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) - The portions of natural gas that are liquefied at the surface in production separators, field facilities, or gas processing plants, leaving dry natural gas. They include but are not limited to ethane, propane, butane, natural gasoline, and condensate. 

Paraffins (alkanes single bonds) 1 1 ch4, c2h6, c3h8, c4h10,. c h2 +2 Methane, ethane, propane, butane,..., straight-chain isobutane, branched chain All are saturated (i.e., no more hydrogen can be added to any of the compounds) Radicals deficient in one H atom take the names methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc. 

In addition to binary mixtures, the ethane-propane- -butane ternary system was studied (see Fig. 1). Spills were also made with mixtures containing methane. The addition of as little as 10 mole % methane inhibited RPTs and none were ever obtained with methane concentrations in excess of 19 mole %. 

Cracking large hydrocarbons usually results in olefins, molecules with double bonds. Thats why the refinery cat crackers and thermal crackers are sources of ethylene and propylene. But the largest source is olefin plants where ethylene and propylene are the primary products of cracking one or more of the following ethane, propane, butane, naphtha, or gas oil. The choice of feedstock depends both on the olefins plant design and the market price of the feeds. 

Sherwood-Lollar et al. 1993,2002). In contrast to thermogenic hydrocarbons where higher hydrocarbons (ethane, propane, butane) are enriched in and D relative to methane, abiogenic alkanes may be depleted in C and D relative to methane. These depletion patterns relative to methane may be produced by polymerization reactions of methane precursors (Sherwood-Lollar et al. 2002). 

Fractional distillation of the oil to recover the oil and to collect the ethane, propane, -butane, and isobutane separately. 

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