Ethane + butane

In this chapter we 11 examine the conformations of various alkanes and cyclo alkanes focusing most of our attention on three of them ethane butane and cyclo hexane A detailed study of even these three will take us a long way toward understanding the mam ideas of conformational analysis... 

From these data, some key information can be drawn in both cases, the couple methane/pentane as well as the couple ethane/butane have similar selectivities. This implies that each couple of products (ethane/butane and methane/pentane) is probably formed via a common intermediate, which is probably related to the hexyl surface intermediate D, which is formed as follows cyclohexane reacts first with the surface via C - H activation to produce a cyclohexyl intermediate A, which then undergoes a second C - H bond activation at the /-position to give the key 1,3-dimetallacyclopentane intermediate B. Concerted electron transfer (a 2+2 retrocychzation) leads to a non-cychc -alkenylidene metal surface complex, C, which under H2 can evolve towards a surface hexyl intermediate D. Then, the surface hexyl species D can lead to all the observed products via the following elementary steps (1) hydrogenolysis into hexane (2) /1-hydride elimination to form 1-hexene, followed by re-insertion to form various hexyl complexes (E and F) or (3) a second carbon-carbon bond cleavage, through a y-C - H bond activation to the metallacyclic intermediate G or H (Scheme 40). Under H2, intermediate G can lead either to pentane/methane or ethane/butane mixtures, while intermediate H would form ethane/butane or propane. 

Moreover, while the change from cyclohexane to hexane as the reactant has produced a large change in the relative selectivity of the methane/pentane co-products with respect to other products, the ratio of propane to the ethane/butane couple is very close (46/30 or 1.5 for hexane and 24/20 or 1.2 for cyclohexane. Table 8). This small variation compared with the very large change in (methane + pentane) selectivity (18% for n-hexane, 56% for cyclohexane) suggests that the formation of ethane/butane is independent of the formation of methane/pentane, that is that intermediate E is not a major contributor to the formation of the ethane/butane couple. 

Several of this group are explosives of moderate to considerable sensitivity to impact or friction and need careful handling. Fluorodinitromethane and fluorodini-troethanol are also vesicant [ 1 ]—[4]. l-Fluoro-l,l-dinitro derivatives of ethane, butane, 2-butene and 2-phenylethane are explosive [5], Among the preparations of a series of energetic and explosive compounds, that of N, N, N, A /-tctrakis(2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethyl)oxamide is especially hazardous, as it involves heating an undiluted explosive to a high temperature [6],... 

TON Methane Ethane Butanes Pentanes Hexanes Reference... 

The 100 Most Important Chemical Compounds focuses on 100 compounds, but references several hundred compounds. Structures and formula for compounds other than the 100 are included in the entries and listed in the index. Repetition of information was kept to a minimum by including representative compounds or the simplest compound in a chemical family and highlighting chemical properties that distinguish chemical groups. For example, there are entries for methane, ethane, butane, and octane but other alkanes such as pentane, hexane, and heptane are not included. Most personal names in the book include years of birth and... 

In considering the activation of C-C bonds, we limit ourselves to discussing the activation of ethene and the cracking of ethane, butane, and isobutane. Some of the earliest calculations characterizing the activation of olefins were performed by Kazansky and Senchenya (258-260) and Pelmenschikov et al. (261). In these calculations, it was shown that ethene could interact with a zeolite proton to form either a it- or [Pg.101]

Aliphatic hydrocarbon a compound containing carbon and hydrogen only, which has an open-chain structure (e.g., as ethane, butane, octane, butene) or a cyclic structure (e.g., cyclohexane). 

TCE (sat. solution) Pd/Fe (Not reported) Not reported ethane butane hexane 3... 

Deviations for mixture 64%> to 84%> methane + 11% to 30% propane + ethane butane... 

Cupric chloride. Ethane, butane, ethylene, metallic copper. Wanhlyn and Carius, AnnuUny 1861, 120, 69. 

CO, CH4, CO2, acetone, ketene. ethene. propene. 1-butene, benzene, toluene, xylene, cydopentene, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, methyl-n-propyl ketone, di-n-propyl ketone, methyl vinyl ketone, methyl Isopropenyl ketone, methyl isopropyl ketone, ethyl vinyl ketone, trace amounts of methyl-n-bulyl ketone, cyclopentanone, cydohexanone. acrolein, ethanal. butanal. chain fragments, some monomer CO. CH4, COj, ketene, 1-butene, propene, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl n-propyl ketone, 1,4-cyclohexadiene. toluene, l-methy. l.3-cydohexadlene, 2-hexanone, cydopentene, 1-methyl cydopentene. mesityl oxide, xylenes, benzene, ethene, cyclopentanone, 1.3-cyclopentad iene, diethyl ketone, short chain fragments, traces of monomer CO, CH4, COi, ketene, 1-butene, propene, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isopropyl ketone, methyl-n-propyl ketone, diethyl ketone, methyl propenyl ketone, 3-hexanone. toluene, 2-hexanone. 1,3-cydopentadiene, cyclopentanone, 2-melhylcydopenlanone, mesityl oxide, xylenes, benzene, propionaldehyde, acrolein, acetaldehyde ethene, short chain fragments, traces of monomer CO, COj, H2O, CH4. acetone, ketene, ethene, propylene, 1-butene, methyl vinyl ketone, benzene, acrylic add, toluene, xylene, short chain fragments such as dimer to octamer with unsaturated and anhydride functionalities... 

A stream containing ethane, butane, and pentane is fed to a temperature-controlled vessel where phase separation takes place between the vapor and the liquid. The vessel pressure is maintained at 690 kPa. The K-values, assumed composition-independent, are given by the equation... 

Natural gas liquids are products other than methane from natural gas ethane, butane, iso-butane, and propane. Natural gasoline may also be included in this group. 

Abstract This chapter emphasises on the important aspects of steric and stereo-electronic effects and their control on the conformational and reactivity profiles. The conformational effects in ethane, butane, cyclohexane, variously substituted cyclohexanes, and cis- and tra/ ,v-decalin systems allow a thorough understanding. Application of these effects to E2 and ElcB reactions followed by anomeric effect and mutarotation is discussed. The conformational effects in acetal-forming processes and their reactivity profile, carbonyl oxygen exchange in esters, and hydrolysis of orthoesters have been discussed. The application of anomeric effect in 1,4-elimination reactions, including the preservation of the geometry of the newly created double bond, is elaborated. Finally, a brief discussion on the conformational profile of thioacetals and azaacetals is presented. 

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